Abaklami bezakhiwo nabaklami abavela kumafemu ahamba phambili, kanye nabathonyayo nochwepheshe, bazohlola amandla nobuthakathaka bokucabanga nokusebenza kwemiklamo yesimanje, bahlole izindaba ezinjengocwaningo, ubuchwepheshe kanye nempilo.
Ngokuhlaziya okujulile, umbono obucayi, kanye nokubika okuningiliziwe, amalungu e-Metropolis azokunikeza amathuluzi ozowadinga onyakeni ozayo.
Ngo-2019, iminyuziyamu emibili ebizwa ngokuthi i-Bauhaus yavela emibuthanweni yamasiko yaseJalimane. Ukusebenzisa ithuba leminyaka eyikhulu yesikole sokuklama, i-Bauhaus Museum e-Weimar yaba ngeyokuqala ukuphuma emasangweni ayo, yavulwa ekuqaleni kuka-April. Ukuchofoza okumbalwa kamuva, i-Bauhaus Museum e-Dessau ilandele okufanayo ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba. Iphrojekthi yesithathu, ukunwetshwa okubambezelekile kwe-Walter Gropius's 1979 Bauhaus Gestaltung Archive/Museum e-Berlin, ayizange ihambisane nesivinini futhi bekulindeleke ukuthi ivulwe iminyaka eminingana.
Njengamanje e-Berlin, i-keel kaKaputeni Gropius iphahlazeke umkhumbi emgodini onodaka futhi uhlelo lwakhe luhanjiswe esijobelelweni sesikhashana. Lesi sakhiwo, esakhiwa ngo-1976, ngawo lowo nyaka i-GDR eyakha kabusha i-campus yase-Dessau e-Kapitan evuliwe ngo-1979, asikaze sidume kakhulu naphezu kokwanda okumangalisayo kwezimoto kusukela ukuwa koDonga LwaseBerlin. Lokhu ngokusobala kwakuwumphumela wokuvumelana: Uhlelo lokuqala lukaGropius ngo-1964 lwendawo eyehlelayo e-Darmstadt, idolobhana elincane eduze kwaseFrankfurt, laphazanyiswa osopolitiki bendawo. Kwaze kwaba yiminyaka eyishumi eyalandela, ngemva kokufa kukaGropius, lapho lo msebenzi wathola indawo endaweni eyayiyiNtshonalanga Berlin ngaleso sikhathi. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuphazamiseka kwaphazamisa uhlelo lokuqala futhi kwadinga ukuguqulwa okubanzi (ikakhulukazi ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo endaweni esezingeni) ngumsizi kaGropius u-Alex Cianovich.
Noma yikuphi ukuphila okusalungiswa kokuqala kwabulawa ngendlela ehlelekile enguqulweni yokugcina ephaphathekile. Ngokwamazwi omgxeki uSibylla Moholy-Nagy, iyimodular, ngaphandle kokukholelwa ekucabangeni kwayo nasekususeni, “ngaphandle kwesifiso esivuthayo samathuba amasha.” Wasebenzisa wonke amathuba ukuze abhekane noGropius ezinsukwini zakhe zakudala zombuso. Ingaphezulu, eliphambene nesithunzi sesikole, laliwumthombo wokukhathazeka ngobuciko phakathi kwabakhi bezakhiwo ze-Bauhaus, kwakuyi-matte. Uphahla olumisiwe oludumile, kanye nerempu enamazombezombe ephilayo engezwe nguCvijanovic, ihlose ukuphakama okwengeziwe kodwa iyehluleka. Kwakungeyona i-Bauhaus.
Indaba ye-Bauhaus Archives iyafundisa ngoba igqamisa inkinga yokwakha “uphawu”, ikakhulukazi uhlobo lwendabuko olufana ne-Bauhaus. Umlingo awukwazi ukubuyiselwa, njengoba nje inhlekelele iba i-farce futhi i-farce iba yi-memetic nihilism. Ngenkathi wonke amadolobha emhlabeni akhangisa izakhiwo “zesimanje,” afana kakhulu nezikole zedizayini ezidume kakhulu zekhulunyaka lama-20 kunobungako be-IKEA ne-Alucobond.
Nokho, ubuhlakani beBauhaus babusesimeni sezombangazwe esivuthayo esaphoqa ukuthi ibe khona. Odakeni lwezimpi zezwe, kwavela umoya omusha, uGropius awuveza ku-manifesto yakhe yango-1919 ekusungulweni kwesikole e-Weimar. Igama elithi “Crystallization” liyigama eliyisihluthulelo, njengoba kunjalo nesiyalo sakhe esingalibaleki: “Ubuciko kumelwe ekugcineni buthole ukubonakaliswa kwabo okukhazimulayo emsebenzini omkhulu wobuciko. Lo msebenzi omkhulu wobuciko, leli sonto lombhishobhi elizayo, Letha insada yokukhanya ezintweni ezincane kakhulu zokuphila kwansuku zonke. impilo.”
Ngakho-ke, akukhona ukuqondana, ukuthi isithombe esikopishwe kakhulu senkathi yokuqala ye-Weimar ye-Bauhaus sasiwukhuni luka-Lionel Feininger olubonisa “isonto lesonto le-socialist” lokuqala. Lona iSocialism kaWilliam Morris, yasemhlabeni kanye neyobuzalwane, evumela umuzwa ovusa inkanuko kanye nengqikithi yezinhlobo zezilwane ngaphambi kwesizathu esinamandla. Ubuciko, okungukuthi, ubuciko, buyoba isivikelo ngokumelene nokwesabeka kwempi yemishini lapho onxiwankulu basekhaya nabaphesheya bezophendukela kukho.
Okudingekayo lapho ubhekene nokungqubuzana okunjalo imizwa nobuntu, futhi lapho kungcono ukuthatha lesi sikhundla kunase-Weimar, isikhungo sezinzwa sokuKhanya kwaseJalimane, indawo yokuzalwa kukaGoethe noSchiller? Kodwa ngokushesha isishoshovu se-Esperanto esasizulazula ezitudiyo ze-Bauhaus saphenduka esinye futhi i-theism yomklami, eyi-angular futhi ehlukene, ngokwengxenye esekelwe emsebenzini ka-Theo van Doburg's De Stijlist.
U-Heike Hanada, umakhi owaklama i-Bauhaus Museum e-Weimar, wayenamandla amancane okuthenga anoma yiliphi ithonya. I-squat concrete cube, iveza okunye ukukhathazeka okufihlwe ku-expressionism, kodwa iphika umusa wayo osindisayo. Kuyafaneleka uma kubhekwa ukubaluleka kwenqubomgomo ye-Weimar yokuqothula esekelwa umshini wamaNazi, kanye nokuba seduze kwendawo ne-Gauforum (isakhiwo sokuphatha lapho inqubomgomo yathuthukiswa khona) kanye nekamu lokuhlushwa lase-Buchenwald (lapho inqubomgomo yenziwa khona). Umthamo wemyuziyamu unamafasitela ambalwa kuphela, okuwunikeza umuzwa oqinile wokuqina. Isu libukeka liwukuqalwa okungekuhle okwenziwe ngaphakathi ukube bekungengenxa yengaphakathi elinomoya, kodwa nokho elihlushwa ukugcizelelwa ngokweqile kwezitebhisi ezimaphakathi, ezincane kakhulu.
Kuwo wonke lawo ma-bearings acindezelwe futhi asindayo, lesi akusona “isilo” njengoba abanye ababuyekezi besho. Ukugxekwa kwezakhiwo bekulokhu kunomhlangano ophazamisayo nokuqhathanisa. Kulokhu, isilingo siyaqondakala—esiseduze kakhulu neGauforum nenkantolo eseduze eyake yaphatha isihloko sokuhlonishwa esithi “Adolf Hitlerplatz”—futhi, noma kunjalo, ikhomba inguqulo A yomthetho kaDerwin: noma iyiphi ingxoxo ye-Bauhaus izohola. kubuNazi.
Isikole saqala ukuxoshwa e-Weimar ngesikhathi iziphathimandla zesifundazwe ezithukuthele zihoxisa uxhaso. Wathuthela eDessau futhi isikole sachitha iminyaka yaso yegolide (1926) esikhungweni se-Gropius campus. U-Gropius udlulisele induku kuKhomanisi elisinekile (futhi eliphakeme ngokwezakhiwo) u-Hannes Meyer. Isikole sandile, futhi ngasikhathi sinye, abafundi sebezibandakanye ngokugcwele nomhlaba ngaphandle kwezitudiyo zabo. Lokhu kwaba yinkinga, uMeyer waphoqeleka ukuba ahambe futhi uMies van der Rohe wangena esikhaleni. Wayiyeka ikharikhulamu futhi wasusa ukugxila kwakhe kwezezindlu zabasebenzi, kanye nezokukhangisa, ukupenda, izithombe eziqoshiwe, kanye nethiyetha, wagxila endlini ka-Plato enengilazi eyisicaba. Ukuhlola kwabafundi izimfihlakalo zezimboni nezomlando kuqondiswe kabusha esifundweni somunwe-to-lip sefomu lezakhiwo. Kodwa lokho kulungile, ngoba amahembe ansundu ayavela lapha, futhi amanye angena ngisho nase-Bauhausler. Babiza isikole ngokuthi “i-aquarium” futhi basithumela eBerlin, lapho sagcina sinqotshwe usongo lwe-Kulturkampf.
I-Bauhaus yayingesinye sezisulu zokuqala ze-fascism, okwaholela ekuhlakazweni kwabaholi bayo bawela imingcele nama-hemispheres. (UMoholy-Nagy futhi: “Ngo-1933 uHitler wasinyakazisa isihlahla futhi iMelika yavuna izithelo zobuhlakani baseJalimane.”) Ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka, uGropius, uBreuer nabanye base bemukelekile enhliziyweni yezwe lobuhlakani baseMelika. . Futhi "ukuzwa" - isidlaliso esiyisiwula asinikezwa umngane omusha - saqala ukusula amarekhodi. Isikhathi se-Weimar sabulawa ngokuphelele, futhi isimo se-socialist sesikole saqondiswa kabusha. Okusele yi-Bauhaus yakhe e-Dessau, isikhungo sesimanjemanje kakhulu kwi-Old World.
I-Bauhaus yayiyisizinda sesu lamandla athambile e-CIA ukubukela phansi iphrofayili ephezulu yeSoviet Union yangemva kweMpi Yezwe II. I-Dessau, i-campus yenyuvesi kanye nedolobha lalingaphansi kokulawulwa kweSoviet, kodwa i-Bauhaus yangempela, njengentando yeningi, yayihlala emhlabeni wokuqala. Njengoba izazi ezinjengoKathleen James-Chakraborty ziye zabonisa, imisinga ehlukahlukene yesimanje eyayikhona ngaphambili, ngesikhathi esifanayo ngisho nangemva kokuba i-Bauhaus yaseJalimane - Neues Bauen, Expressionism, Weimar Lichtreklame - ifakwe ngokusemthethweni e-Bauhaus, umkhiqizo uzoba zingeniswe emhlabeni wonke. . Iqembu le-NATO.
Kodwa ekwakhiweni kwe-echt Bauhaus yezwe lakubo, izandla ezimbili zibaluleke kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwamakhempasi ezikole, kukhona nezakhiwo zezincwadi zokufunda, njengendlu ka-Gropius's master's masters e-Bauhaus (indeterminate, Kandinsky, Moholy-Nagy), kanye nemisebenzi engeyona eyemfundo, engeyona eye-stucco, okuyi-Gropius Employment Office (1929) kanye UHannes Meyer. Indlu elula ekhohlisayo ene-balcony (1930). E-Weimar, iHaus am Horn ngo-1923 kwaba umzamo wokuqala kulolu hlobo. Okunye okusuka eCentral Germany kwakuyisikole sikaMeyer senyunyana yabasebenzi i-ADGB eBernau, eduze kwaseBerlin, ngo-1930. Njengekhempasi yaseDessau, igcwele imibono - futhi ewusizo kakhulu - kodwa ayinandaba nesiginali ye-Gropius' Sachlichkeit.
Ngisho nangemva kweminyaka eyikhulu, izakhiwo zisaqhekeka ngenxa yamandla azo ayisibonelo. Yebo, kungenzeka ukuthi ungabi nobumsulwa bamaLuthela, abakwa-Bauhauslers asebevele bewuchithile ebudlelwaneni babo bansuku zonke bomphakathi. Noma i-frivolous conceptual afflatus (“ubunye obusha”), noma iculo lobuchwepheshe (ubuciko nobuchwepheshe, ubuchwepheshe nobuciko, amen).
Nokho, sibonga i-Adendum Architects, isitudiyo esingemuva kwe-Bauhaus Museum Dessau e-Barcelona, eSpain. Isusa izici ezinyanyekayo zeDessau Gang kuyilapho igcina imigqa eqinile kanye ne-typography ehlekisayo. Ngeke kushiwo ukuthi isakhiwo sivelele. Umdwebo ulula kakhulu, uxhumano lwakudala phakathi kokubonakalayo nokwangempela: ihholo lombukiso eline-span ecacile eqhubekayo phezu kwehholo lokuklama elixubile eline-span ecacile eqhubekayo. Uhhafu ongaphezulu unombala omnyama ukuze ufihle okuqukethwe, kanti ingxenye engezansi ishiya imvilophu ekhanyayo iphelele.
Zithobile kuze kube manje. Kodwa uma kubhekwa indawo evelele yesakhiwo epaki elikhulu elimaphakathi nedolobha, amafasitela engilazi awekho ngale ngendlela okufanele abe ngayo. Abadwebi bezakhiwo babehlose ukucekela phansi i-facade (ngomoya we-Bauhaus), ukuze kokubili ngaphakathi nangaphandle kufiphale, kodwa ngaphandle kwalokho, ukuba khona komnyuziyamu kwezinye izindawo zomphakathi kwabonakala kungenangqondo.
Ngaleso sikhathi, ukunwetshwa komnyuziyamu eBerlin kuwubuhle kakhulu bemisebenzi emisha. Iningi lephrojekthi lizofihlwa ngaphansi komhlaba, nombhoshongo onezitezi ezinhlanu okuwukuphela kwesakhiwo esikhulu esibonakalayo ohlelweni. Inamakholomu avamile amancane, avamile ngaphandle, ashiya iphansi elingaphakathi (lekhefi lasemnyuziyamu nesitolo) livuliwe ngokuphelele. U-Staab Architekten wathathwa yikhomishini ngo-2015 futhi kwaba ukuhlakanipha ukugcina ibanga elithile phakathi kwesakhiwo esikhona nesaso, ukuze kuqedwe kangcono noma yiliphi ithonya eliqondile.
Okuxakayo ukuthi okuningi kwe-Bauhaus' ethi kumlando kuhlobene nomsebenzi wezakhiwo okufanele kusolwe. Ngaphandle kwezakhiwo zaseMeyer kanye nekhempasi yaseDessau, "i-Bauhaus architecture" iyadukisa kancane. Eminye imisebenzi yasesikoleni, kusukela ekwalukeni kuya ekuklanyweni kwesithombe sangemuva, kusukela ekudwebeni kuya ekukhangiseni, yayiyintsha futhi isawuthatha umcabango wethu. (Eqinisweni, i-Bauhaus yayingenalo uhlelo lokuklama isikhathi esiningi sokuba khona kwayo.)
Yini ezogcina abafundi bengalali ebusuku uma i-Bauhaus ihlelwa kabusha ngo-2019? Lona umbuzo obuzwe yincwadi entsha ethi The Future of the Bauhaus (MIT Press), futhi phakathi kwezimpendulo eziningi ezihlukahlukene nezifike ngesikhathi, izakhiwo, okungukuthi, izakhiwo, azitholakali ndawo. Kodwa awukwazi ukwethula imikhankaso eminingi yezokuvakasha ngenxa nje yemibono eqandisiwe - impahla ehlakaniphile eyingozi.
Abahambi abangaba abahambi nabo abavunyelwe ukuhamba ngaphakathi kwe-Albers Tapestry. Awukwazi ukuhlala emdwebeni ka-Klee noma ucindezele umzimba wakho ngokumelene nohlaka lwetiye lika-Brandt. Kodwa ungagibela indiza, undizele eBerlin, uthathe isitimela esiya e-Dessau, ubambe itekisi eya e-Gropiusallee 38, uhambe kuleyo minyango ebomvu (engaphezu kobomvu), ubeke izithombe ezitebhisini, esitolo sezipho, ngokulila. . endlini yokudlela yintsha yakho elahlekile. Ungakwazi ngisho nokulala ubusuku bonke.
Ungase futhi uthande Kude Nethempeli Lesizathu, i-Bauhaus iyi-cauldron ehlanekezelwe.
Bhalisela incwadi yethu yezindaba ukuze uthole izibuyekezo zakamuva, okuqukethwe okukhethekile kanye neminikelo yokubhaliselwe ngqo ebhokisini lakho lokungenayo!
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Sep-23-2022