Ku-"Fire Engineering" eyanyatheliswa ngo-April 2006, saxoxa ngezindaba okufanele zicatshangelwe lapho kwenzeka umlilo esakhiweni sezentengiselwano esiyisitezi esisodwa.Lapha, sizobuyekeza ezinye zezingxenye zokwakha eziyinhloko ezingase zithinte isu lakho lokuvikela umlilo.
Ngezansi, sithatha isakhiwo sensimbi esinezitezi eziningi njengesibonelo ukuze sibonise ukuthi sithinta kanjani ukuzinza kwesakhiwo ngasinye ezigabeni ezihlukahlukene zesakhiwo (izithombe 1, 2).
Ilungu lesakhiwo sekholomu elinomphumela wokuminyanisa.Badlulisela isisindo sophahla bese bedlulisela phansi.Ukwehluleka kwekholomu kungase kubangele ukubhidlika okungazelelwe kwengxenye noma sonke isakhiwo.Kulesi sibonelo, ama-studs agxilwe ku-concrete pad ezingeni eliphansi futhi aboshwe ku-I-beam eduze nezinga lokuphahla.Uma kuba nomlilo, imishayo yensimbi ophahleni noma ophahleni izoshisa futhi iqale ukwanda nokusonteka.Insimbi enwetshiwe ingadonsa ikholomu isuke endizeni yayo eqondile.Phakathi kwazo zonke izingxenye zokwakha, ukwehluleka kwekholomu kuyingozi enkulu.Uma ubona ikholomu ebonakala sengathi itshekile noma ingaqondile mpo ngokuphelele, sicela wazise Umkhuzi Wesigameko (IC) ngokushesha.Isakhiwo kufanele sikhishwe ngokushesha futhi kufanele kwenziwe ucingo (isithombe 3).
Insimbi yensimbi-uhlaka oluvundlile olusekela ezinye imishayo.Amabhande enzelwe ukuthwala izinto ezinzima, futhi ahlala endaweni eqondile.Njengoba umlilo nokushisa kuqala ukuguguleka amabhande, insimbi iqala ukumunca ukushisa.Cishe ku-1,100 ° F, insimbi izoqala ukwehluleka.Kulokhu kushisa, insimbi iqala ukwanda futhi isonteke.Insimbi engamafidi angu-100 ubude ingase inwebe ngamayintshi angu-10.Lapho insimbi isiqala ukwanda nokusonteka, amakholomu asekela imishayo yensimbi nawo aqala ukunyakaza.Ukwandiswa kwensimbi kungase kubangele izindonga kuzo zombili iziphetho zebhande ukuba ziphumele ngaphandle (uma insimbi iphahlazeka odongeni lwezitini), okungabangela udonga ukuba lugobe noma luqhekeke (isithombe 4).
Insimbi elula ye-truss beam joists-uhlu oluhambisanayo lwensimbi olulula, olusetshenziselwa ukusekela phansi noma uphahla lwemithambeka ephansi.Insimbi yangaphambili, ephakathi nangemuva yesakhiwo isekela ama-trusses angasindi.I-joist ishiselwe kugongolo lwensimbi.Uma kwenzeka umlilo, i-truss engasindi izomunca ngokushesha ukushisa futhi ingase yehluleke phakathi kwemizuzu emihlanu kuya kweyishumi.Uma uphahla lufakwe umoya wokupholisa kanye nezinye izinto zokusebenza, ukuwa kungase kwenzeke ngokushesha okukhulu.Ungazami ukusika uphahla lwe-joist oluqinisiwe.Ukwenza kanjalo kungase kunqamule i-chord engenhla ye-truss, ilungu elithwala umthwalo omkhulu, futhi kungase kubangele ukudilika kwesakhiwo sonke se-truss nophahla.
Ukuhlukana kwama-joists kungaba ngamafidi amane kuya kwayisishiyagalombili ukusuka komunye nomunye.Ukuhlukaniswa okubanzi okunjalo kungesinye sezizathu zokuthi kungani ungafuni ukusika uphahla ngezixhumi zensimbi ezilula kanye nophahla olumise okwe-Q.IPhini likaKhomishana woMnyango Wezomlilo waseNew York (othathe umhlalaphansi) uVincent Dunn (uVincent Dunn) wabonisa kwesithi “Ukuwa Kwezakhiwo Zokulwa Nomlilo: Umhlahlandlela Wokuphepha Komlilo” (Izincwadi Zobunjiniyela Bomlilo Namavidiyo, 1988): “Umehluko phakathi kokhuni. amajoists nensimbi Umehluko obalulekile wedizayini Uhlelo oluphezulu lokusekela amajoists ukuhlukana kwamajoists.Isikhala phakathi kwama-joists ensimbi avulekile singafika ku-8, kuye ngosayizi wezinsimbi zensimbi nomthwalo wophahla.Isikhala esibanzi phakathi kwama-joists ngisho nalapho kungekho ama-joists ensimbi Endabeni yengozi yokuwa, kunezingozi eziningana zokuthi abacimi bomlilo banqume ukuvuleka emphemeni ophahleni.Okokuqala, lapho i-contour yokusikwa isicishe iqedwe, futhi uma uphahla lungekho ngokuqondile ngaphezu kweyodwa yama-joists ensimbi anesikhala esibanzi , Ipuleti eliphezulu elisikiwe lingase ligobe ngokuzumayo noma lincike phansi emlilweni.Uma unyawo olulodwa lwesicishamlilo lusikwe ophahleni, singase silahlekelwe ibhalansi futhi siwele emlilweni ongezansi ngesaha (isithombe 5) .(138)
Iminyango yensimbi-insimbi evundlile isekela ukusabalalisa kabusha isisindo sezitini phezu kokuvuleka kwamafasitela neminyango.Lawa mashidi ensimbi avame ukusetshenziswa ekubunjweni kwe-"L" kokuvuleka okuncane, kuyilapho i-I-imishayo isetshenziselwa ukuvuleka okukhulu.Isitezi somnyango siboshelwe odongeni lwamatshe ngapha nangapha kwembobo.Njengezinye insimbi, uma ulayini womnyango usushisa, luqala ukwanda nokusonteka.Ukwehluleka kwe-lintel yensimbi kungase kubangele ukudilika kodonga olungaphezulu (izithombe 6 no-7).
I-Facade - indawo engaphandle yesakhiwo.Izingxenye zensimbi ezikhanyayo zakha uhlaka lwe-facade.I-plaster engangenwa amanzi isetshenziswa ukuvala i-attic.Insimbi engasindi izolahlekelwa ngokushesha amandla esakhiwo kanye nokuqina emlilweni.Ukungena komoya ophahleni ophahleni kungafinyelelwa ngokubhodloza umgodi we-gypsum esikhundleni sokubeka izicishamlilo ophahleni.Amandla alolu daka lwangaphandle afana ne-plasterboard esetshenziswa ezindongeni eziningi zangaphakathi zezindlu.Ngemva kokufakwa kwe-gypsum sheath, umakhi usebenzisa i-Styrofoam® kusimende bese emboza ukhonkolo (izithombe 8, 9).
Indawo yophahla.Izinto ezisetshenziselwa ukwakha indawo yophahla lwesakhiwo kulula ukwakha.Okokuqala, izipikili zensimbi zokuhlobisa ezimise okwe-Q zishiselwe kumajoists aqinisiwe.Bese, beka okokusebenza kwegwebu ebhodini lokuhlobisa elimise okuka-Q bese ulilungisa endaweni enezikulufu.Ngemuva kokuthi izinto zokufakelwa zifakwe endaweni, namathisela ifilimu yenjoloba ku-foam insulation material ukuze uqedele ubuso bophahla.
Ophahleni lwemithambeka ephansi, enye indawo ongase uhlangane nayo i-polystyrene foam insulation, embozwe ngokhonkolo oguquliwe we-latex ongu-3/8 inch.
Uhlobo lwesithathu lwendawo yophahla luqukethe ungqimba lwezinto eziqinile zokuvikela ezibekwe endaweni yophahla.Khona-ke iphepha elizwakalayo le-asphalt linamathiselwe kungqimba lokufakelwa nge-asphalt eshisayo.Itshe libe selibekwa phezu kophahla ukuze lilungiswe futhi livikele ulwelwesi oluzwakalayo.
Ngalolu hlobo lwesakhiwo, ungacabangi ukusika uphahla.Amathuba okuwa yimizuzu emi-5 kuya kweyi-10, ngakho-ke asikho isikhathi esanele sokukhipha umoya ophahleni ngokuphepha.Kuyinto efiselekayo ukufaka umoya we-attic ngokungenisa umoya ovundlile (ukubhoboza i-facade yesakhiwo) esikhundleni sokubeka izingxenye ophahleni.Ukusika noma iyiphi ingxenye ye-truss kungase kubangele ukudilika kophahla lonke.Njengoba kuchazwe ngenhla, amapaneli ophahleni angaxhunywa phansi ngaphansi kwesisindo samalungu asike uphahla, ngaleyo ndlela athumele abantu esakhiweni somlilo.Imboni inolwazi olwanele kuma-trusses alula futhi kunconywa kakhulu ukuthi uwasuse ophahleni lapho amalungu avela (isithombe 10).
I-aluminium yophahla olumisiwe noma isistimu yegridi yensimbi, enentambo yensimbi elenga ophahleni olusekelwe.Uhlelo lwegridi luzokwamukela wonke amathayela osilingi ukuze enze usilingi ophelile.Isikhala esingaphezulu kosilingi omisiwe sibeka ingozi enkulu kubacimi bomlilo.Okuvame ukubizwa nge-"attic" noma "truss void", ingafihla umlilo namalangabi.Uma lesi sikhala sesingenisiwe, i-carbon monoxide eqhumayo ingase ithungelwe, ibangele ukuba lonke uhlelo lwegridi liwe.Kufanele uhlole i-cockpit kusenesikhathi uma kwenzeka kusha, futhi uma umlilo uqhuma kungazelelwe ophahleni, zonke izicishamlilo kufanele zivunyelwe ukuba zibaleke isakhiwo.Omakhalekhukhwini abashajwa kabusha bafakwe eduze komnyango, futhi bonke abezicishamlilo bebegqoke izinsiza ezigcwele zokuvota.Izintambo zikagesi, izingxenye zesistimu ye-HVAC nemigqa yegesi ezinye zezinsizakalo zokwakha ezingase zifihlwe ezindaweni ezingenalutho.Amapayipi amaningi egesi yemvelo angangena ophahleni futhi asetshenziselwa izifudumezi phezu kwezakhiwo (izithombe 11 no-12).
Namuhla, izinsimbi zensimbi nezinkuni zifakwe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezakhiwo, kusukela ezindaweni zokuhlala ezizimele kuya ezakhiweni eziphakeme zamahhovisi, futhi isinqumo sokukhipha abacimi bomlilo singase sibonakale ekuqaleni kokuvela kwendawo yomlilo.Isikhathi sokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo se-truss sesinde ngokwanele ukuze bonke abaphathi bomlilo kufanele bazi ukuthi izakhiwo ezikuyo zisabela kanjani uma kwenzeka umlilo futhi zithathe izinyathelo ezihambisanayo.
Ukuze alungiselele kahle izifunda ezihlanganisiwe, kufanele aqale ngombono ojwayelekile wokwakha ukwakhiwa.I-"Fire Building Structure" kaFrancis L. Brannigan, uhlelo lwesithathu (iNational Fire Protection Association, 1992) kanye nencwadi kaDunn ishicilelwe isikhathi esithile, futhi kufanele ifundwe kuwo wonke amalungu encwadi yomnyango wezomlilo.
Njengoba ngokuvamile singenaso isikhathi sokuthintana nonjiniyela bokwakha endaweni yesigameko, isibopho se-IC siwukubikezela izinguquko ezizokwenzeka lapho isakhiwo sisha.Uma uyisikhulu noma ufisa ukuba yisikhulu, udinga ukufundiswa ngezokwakha.
UJOHN MILES ungukaputeni woMnyango Wezomlilo waseNew York, owabelwe isitebhisi sama-35.Phambilini, ubesebenza njenge-lieutenant yesitebhisi sama-35 futhi njengesicishamlilo sesitebhisi sama-34 kanye nenjini yama-82.(NJ) Umnyango Wezomlilo kanye noMnyango Wezomlilo wase-Spring Valley (NY), futhi ungumfundisi e-Rockland County Fire Training Centre e-Pomona, eNew York.
U-John Tobin (JOHN TOBIN) ungumakadebona oneminyaka engu-33 yesipiliyoni senkonzo yomlilo, futhi wayeyinhloko yoMnyango Wezomlilo we-Vail River (NJ).Uneziqu ze-masters ekuphathweni komphakathi futhi uyilungu lebhodi labaluleki le-Bergen County (NJ) School of Law and Public Safety.
Ku-"Fire Engineering" eyanyatheliswa ngo-April 2006, saxoxa ngezindaba okufanele zicatshangelwe lapho kwenzeka umlilo esakhiweni sezentengiselwano esiyisitezi esisodwa.Lapha, sizobuyekeza ezinye zezingxenye zokwakha eziyinhloko ezingase zithinte isu lakho lokuvikela umlilo.
Ngezansi, sithatha isakhiwo sensimbi esinezitezi eziningi njengesibonelo ukuze sibonise ukuthi sithinta kanjani ukuzinza kwesakhiwo ngasinye ezigabeni ezihlukahlukene zesakhiwo (izithombe 1, 2).
Ilungu lesakhiwo sekholomu elinomphumela wokuminyanisa.Badlulisela isisindo sophahla bese bedlulisela phansi.Ukwehluleka kwekholomu kungase kubangele ukubhidlika okungazelelwe kwengxenye noma sonke isakhiwo.Kulesi sibonelo, ama-studs agxilwe ku-concrete pad ezingeni eliphansi futhi aboshwe ku-I-beam eduze nezinga lokuphahla.Uma kuba nomlilo, imishayo yensimbi ophahleni noma ophahleni izoshisa futhi iqale ukwanda nokusonteka.Insimbi enwetshiwe ingadonsa ikholomu isuke endizeni yayo eqondile.Phakathi kwazo zonke izingxenye zokwakha, ukwehluleka kwekholomu kuyingozi enkulu.Uma ubona ikholomu ebonakala sengathi itshekile noma ingaqondile mpo ngokuphelele, sicela wazise Umkhuzi Wesigameko (IC) ngokushesha.Isakhiwo kufanele sikhishwe ngokushesha futhi kufanele kwenziwe ucingo (isithombe 3).
Insimbi yensimbi-uhlaka oluvundlile olusekela ezinye imishayo.Amabhande enzelwe ukuthwala izinto ezinzima, futhi ahlala endaweni eqondile.Njengoba umlilo nokushisa kuqala ukuguguleka amabhande, insimbi iqala ukumunca ukushisa.Cishe ku-1,100 ° F, insimbi izoqala ukwehluleka.Kulokhu kushisa, insimbi iqala ukwanda futhi isonteke.Insimbi engamafidi angu-100 ubude ingase inwebe ngamayintshi angu-10.Lapho insimbi isiqala ukwanda nokusonteka, amakholomu asekela imishayo yensimbi nawo aqala ukunyakaza.Ukwandiswa kwensimbi kungase kubangele izindonga kuzo zombili iziphetho zebhande ukuba ziphumele ngaphandle (uma insimbi iphahlazeka odongeni lwezitini), okungabangela udonga ukuba lugobe noma luqhekeke (isithombe 4).
Insimbi elula ye-truss beam joists-uhlu oluhambisanayo lwensimbi olulula, olusetshenziselwa ukusekela phansi noma uphahla lwemithambeka ephansi.Insimbi yangaphambili, ephakathi nangemuva yesakhiwo isekela ama-trusses angasindi.I-joist ishiselwe kugongolo lwensimbi.Uma kwenzeka umlilo, i-truss engasindi izomunca ngokushesha ukushisa futhi ingase yehluleke phakathi kwemizuzu emihlanu kuya kweyishumi.Uma uphahla lufakwe umoya wokupholisa kanye nezinye izinto zokusebenza, ukuwa kungase kwenzeke ngokushesha okukhulu.Ungazami ukusika uphahla lwe-joist oluqinisiwe.Ukwenza kanjalo kungase kunqamule i-chord engenhla ye-truss, ilungu elithwala umthwalo omkhulu, futhi kungase kubangele ukudilika kwesakhiwo sonke se-truss nophahla.
Ukuhlukana kwama-joists kungaba ngamafidi amane kuya kwayisishiyagalombili ukusuka komunye nomunye.Ukuhlukaniswa okubanzi okunjalo kungesinye sezizathu zokuthi kungani ungafuni ukusika uphahla ngezixhumi zensimbi ezilula kanye nophahla olumise okwe-Q.IPhini likaKhomishana woMnyango Wezomlilo waseNew York (othathe umhlalaphansi) uVincent Dunn (uVincent Dunn) wabonisa kwesithi “Ukuwa Kwezakhiwo Zokulwa Nomlilo: Umhlahlandlela Wokuphepha Komlilo” (Izincwadi Zobunjiniyela Bomlilo Namavidiyo, 1988): “Umehluko phakathi kokhuni. amajoists nensimbi Umehluko obalulekile wedizayini Uhlelo oluphezulu lokusekela amajoists ukuhlukana kwamajoists.Isikhala phakathi kwama-joists ensimbi avulekile singafika ku-8, kuye ngosayizi wezinsimbi zensimbi nomthwalo wophahla.Isikhala esibanzi phakathi kwama-joists ngisho nalapho kungekho ama-joists ensimbi Endabeni yengozi yokuwa, kunezingozi eziningana zokuthi abacimi bomlilo banqume ukuvuleka emphemeni ophahleni.Okokuqala, lapho i-contour yokusikwa isicishe iqedwe, futhi uma uphahla lungekho ngokuqondile ngaphezu kweyodwa yama-joists ensimbi anesikhala esibanzi , Ipuleti eliphezulu elisikiwe lingase ligobe ngokuzumayo noma lincike phansi emlilweni.Uma unyawo olulodwa lwesicishamlilo lusikwe ophahleni, singase silahlekelwe ibhalansi futhi siwele emlilweni ongezansi ngesaha (isithombe 5) .(138)
Iminyango yensimbi-insimbi evundlile isekela ukusabalalisa kabusha isisindo sezitini phezu kokuvuleka kwamafasitela neminyango.Lawa mashidi ensimbi avame ukusetshenziswa ekubunjweni kwe-"L" kokuvuleka okuncane, kuyilapho i-I-imishayo isetshenziselwa ukuvuleka okukhulu.Isitezi somnyango siboshelwe odongeni lwamatshe ngapha nangapha kwembobo.Njengezinye insimbi, uma ulayini womnyango usushisa, luqala ukwanda nokusonteka.Ukwehluleka kwe-lintel yensimbi kungase kubangele ukudilika kodonga olungaphezulu (izithombe 6 no-7).
I-Facade - indawo engaphandle yesakhiwo.Izingxenye zensimbi ezikhanyayo zakha uhlaka lwe-facade.I-plaster engangenwa amanzi isetshenziswa ukuvala i-attic.Insimbi engasindi izolahlekelwa ngokushesha amandla esakhiwo kanye nokuqina emlilweni.Ukungena komoya ophahleni ophahleni kungafinyelelwa ngokubhodloza umgodi we-gypsum esikhundleni sokubeka izicishamlilo ophahleni.Amandla alolu daka lwangaphandle afana ne-plasterboard esetshenziswa ezindongeni eziningi zangaphakathi zezindlu.Ngemva kokufakwa kwe-gypsum sheath, umakhi usebenzisa i-Styrofoam® kusimende bese emboza ukhonkolo (izithombe 8, 9).
Indawo yophahla.Izinto ezisetshenziselwa ukwakha indawo yophahla lwesakhiwo kulula ukwakha.Okokuqala, izipikili zensimbi zokuhlobisa ezimise okwe-Q zishiselwe kumajoists aqinisiwe.Bese, beka okokusebenza kwegwebu ebhodini lokuhlobisa elimise okuka-Q bese ulilungisa endaweni enezikulufu.Ngemuva kokuthi izinto zokufakelwa zifakwe endaweni, namathisela ifilimu yenjoloba ku-foam insulation material ukuze uqedele ubuso bophahla.
Ophahleni lwemithambeka ephansi, enye indawo ongase uhlangane nayo i-polystyrene foam insulation, embozwe ngokhonkolo oguquliwe we-latex ongu-3/8 inch.
Uhlobo lwesithathu lwendawo yophahla luqukethe ungqimba lwezinto eziqinile zokuvikela ezibekwe endaweni yophahla.Khona-ke iphepha elizwakalayo le-asphalt linamathiselwe kungqimba lokufakelwa nge-asphalt eshisayo.Itshe libe selibekwa phezu kophahla ukuze lilungiswe futhi livikele ulwelwesi oluzwakalayo.
Ngalolu hlobo lwesakhiwo, ungacabangi ukusika uphahla.Amathuba okuwa yimizuzu emi-5 kuya kweyi-10, ngakho-ke asikho isikhathi esanele sokukhipha umoya ophahleni ngokuphepha.Kuyinto efiselekayo ukufaka umoya we-attic ngokungenisa umoya ovundlile (ukubhoboza i-facade yesakhiwo) esikhundleni sokubeka izingxenye ophahleni.Ukusika noma iyiphi ingxenye ye-truss kungase kubangele ukudilika kophahla lonke.Njengoba kuchazwe ngenhla, amapaneli ophahleni angaxhunywa phansi ngaphansi kwesisindo samalungu asike uphahla, ngaleyo ndlela athumele abantu esakhiweni somlilo.Imboni inolwazi olwanele kuma-trusses alula futhi kunconywa kakhulu ukuthi uwasuse ophahleni lapho amalungu avela (isithombe 10).
I-aluminium yophahla olumisiwe noma isistimu yegridi yensimbi, enentambo yensimbi elenga ophahleni olusekelwe.Uhlelo lwegridi luzokwamukela wonke amathayela osilingi ukuze enze usilingi ophelile.Isikhala esingaphezulu kosilingi omisiwe sibeka ingozi enkulu kubacimi bomlilo.Okuvame ukubizwa nge-"attic" noma "truss void", ingafihla umlilo namalangabi.Uma lesi sikhala sesingenisiwe, i-carbon monoxide eqhumayo ingase ithungelwe, ibangele ukuba lonke uhlelo lwegridi liwe.Kufanele uhlole i-cockpit kusenesikhathi uma kwenzeka kusha, futhi uma umlilo uqhuma kungazelelwe ophahleni, zonke izicishamlilo kufanele zivunyelwe ukuba zibaleke isakhiwo.Omakhalekhukhwini abashajwa kabusha bafakwe eduze komnyango, futhi bonke abezicishamlilo bebegqoke izinsiza ezigcwele zokuvota.Izintambo zikagesi, izingxenye zesistimu ye-HVAC nemigqa yegesi ezinye zezinsizakalo zokwakha ezingase zifihlwe ezindaweni ezingenalutho.Amapayipi amaningi egesi yemvelo angangena ophahleni futhi asetshenziselwa izifudumezi phezu kwezakhiwo (izithombe 11 no-12).
Namuhla, izinsimbi zensimbi nezinkuni zifakwe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezakhiwo, kusukela ezindaweni zokuhlala ezizimele kuya ezakhiweni eziphakeme zamahhovisi, futhi isinqumo sokukhipha abacimi bomlilo singase sibonakale ekuqaleni kokuvela kwendawo yomlilo.Isikhathi sokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo se-truss sesinde ngokwanele ukuze bonke abaphathi bomlilo kufanele bazi ukuthi izakhiwo ezikuyo zisabela kanjani uma kwenzeka umlilo futhi zithathe izinyathelo ezihambisanayo.
Ukuze alungiselele kahle izifunda ezihlanganisiwe, kufanele aqale ngombono ojwayelekile wokwakha ukwakhiwa.I-"Fire Building Structure" kaFrancis L. Brannigan, uhlelo lwesithathu (iNational Fire Protection Association, 1992) kanye nencwadi kaDunn ishicilelwe isikhathi esithile, futhi kufanele ifundwe kuwo wonke amalungu encwadi yomnyango wezomlilo.
Njengoba ngokuvamile singenaso isikhathi sokuthintana nonjiniyela bokwakha endaweni yesigameko, isibopho se-IC siwukubikezela izinguquko ezizokwenzeka lapho isakhiwo sisha.Uma uyisikhulu noma ufisa ukuba yisikhulu, udinga ukufundiswa ngezokwakha.
UJOHN MILES ungukaputeni woMnyango Wezomlilo waseNew York, owabelwe isitebhisi sama-35.Phambilini, ubesebenza njenge-lieutenant yesitebhisi sama-35 futhi njengesicishamlilo sesitebhisi sama-34 kanye nenjini yama-82.(NJ) Umnyango Wezomlilo kanye noMnyango Wezomlilo wase-Spring Valley (NY), futhi ungumfundisi e-Rockland County Fire Training Centre e-Pomona, eNew York.
U-John Tobin (JOHN TOBIN) ungumakadebona oneminyaka engu-33 yesipiliyoni senkonzo yomlilo, futhi wayeyinhloko yoMnyango Wezomlilo we-Vail River (NJ).Uneziqu ze-masters ekuphathweni komphakathi futhi uyilungu lebhodi labaluleki le-Bergen County (NJ) School of Law and Public Safety.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-26-2021