Gary W. Dallin, P. Eng. Amaphaneli ensimbi apendwe ngaphambili ensimbi ezakhiweni asetshenziswe ngempumelelo iminyaka eminingi. Enye inkomba yokuthandwa kwayo ukusetshenziswa kabanzi kophahla lwensimbi olupendwe ngaphambili eCanada nasemhlabeni jikelele.
Uphahla lwensimbi luhlala izikhathi ezimbili kuya kwezintathu kunezingezona ezensimbi. 1 Izakhiwo zensimbi zakha cishe ingxenye yazo zonke izakhiwo ezisezingeni eliphansi ezingezona ezokuhlala eNyakatho Melika, futhi ingxenye enkulu yalezi zakhiwo inamaphaneli ensimbi apendwe kusengaphambili, ahuqwe ngensimbi ophahla nezindonga.
Ukucaciswa okufanele kwesistimu yokumboza (okungukuthi, ukwelashwa kwangaphambili, i-primer kanye nejazi eliphezulu) kungaqinisekisa impilo yesevisi yophahla lwensimbi olupendiwe kanye nezindonga eziboshwe ngensimbi ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-20 emisebenzini eminingi. Ukuze kuzuzwe impilo ende yesevisi enjalo, abakhiqizi nabakhi bamashidi ensimbi ahlanganiswe ngombala kudingeka bacabangele lezi zinkinga ezilandelayo:
Izinkinga Zemvelo Esinye sezici zokuqala okufanele zicatshangelwe lapho kukhethwa umkhiqizo wensimbi opendwe ngaphambilini owenziwe ngensimbi indawo ozosetshenziswa kuyo. 2 Imvelo ihlanganisa isimo sezulu esijwayelekile kanye nemithelela yendawo yendawo.
I-latitude yendawo inquma inani namandla emisebe ye-UV lapho umkhiqizo uvezwa khona, inani lamahora okukhanya kwelanga ngonyaka kanye ne-engeli yokuchayeka yamaphaneli apendwe ngaphambilini. Ngokusobala, uphahla lwama-engeli aphansi (okungukuthi, oluyisicaba) lwezakhiwo ezisendaweni ewugwadule olune-latitude ephansi ludinga amasistimu okuvikela ukumelana ne-UV ukuze kugwenywe ukufiphala ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ukuchaki, nokuqhekeka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imisebe ye-UV ilimaza ukuvaleleka okuqondile kwezindonga zezakhiwo ezisezindaweni eziphakeme ezinesimo sezulu esinamafu kancane kakhulu.
Isikhathi sokumanzi isikhathi lapho uphahla nodonga luba manzi ngenxa yemvula, umswakama ophezulu, inkungu kanye nokujiya. Amasistimu kapende awavikelekile kumswakama. Uma ushiywe umanzi isikhathi eside ngokwanele, umswakama uzogcina ufinyelele ku-substrate ngaphansi kwanoma yikuphi ukunamathela futhi uqale ukugqwala. Inani lamakhemikhali angcolisayo njenge-sulphur dioxide nama-chloride akhona emkhathini linquma izinga lokugqwala.
Imithelela yendawo noma ye-microclimatic okufanele icatshangelwe ihlanganisa ukuqondiswa komoya, ukufakwa kwezinto ezingcolisayo yizimboni kanye nemvelo yasolwandle.
Lapho ukhetha uhlelo lokumboza, isiqondiso somoya esikhona kufanele sicatshangelwe. Ukunakekelwa kufanele kuthathwe uma isakhiwo sitholakala eduze nomoya womthombo wokungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali. Amagesi akhipha igesi futhi aqinile angaba nomthelela omubi ezinhlelweni zikapende. Phakathi kwamakhilomitha angu-5 (amamayela angu-3.1) wezindawo ezisindayo zezimboni, ukubola kungasukela kokumaphakathi kuye kokubi kakhulu, kuye ngesimo sezulu kanye nezimo zezulu zasendaweni. Ngale kwaleli banga, umthelela ohambisana nomthelela ongcolisayo wesitshalo ngokuvamile uyancishiswa.
Uma izakhiwo ezipendiwe ziseduze nogu, umthelela wamanzi anosawoti ungaba mkhulu. Kufika ku-300 m (984 ft) ukusuka ogwini kungaba bucayi, kuyilapho imiphumela ebalulekile ingazwakala kufika ku-5 km phakathi nezwe ngisho nangaphezulu, kuye ngemimoya yasogwini. Ugu lwase-Atlantic lwaseCanada luyindawo eyodwa lapho ukuphoqelelwa kwesimo sezulu okunjalo kungenzeka khona.
Uma ukubola kwendawo yokwakha ehlongozwayo kungabonakali, kungase kube usizo ukwenza inhlolovo yendawo. Idatha evela eziteshini zokuqapha imvelo iwusizo njengoba inikeza ulwazi lwezulu, umswakama kanye nezinga lokushisa. Hlola izindawo ezivikelekile ezivikelekile, ezingahlanzekile ukuze uthole izinhlayiya ezivela embonini, imigwaqo, nosawoti wasolwandle. Ukusebenza kwezakhiwo eziseduze kufanele kubhekwe - uma izinto zokwakha ezinjengothango lukathango kanye nokufakwa kukathayela noma okupendwe ngaphambilini, uphahla, ama-gutters kanye nezibanibani zisesimweni esihle ngemva kweminyaka eyi-10-15, imvelo ingase ingagqwali. Uma isakhiwo siba nenkinga ngemva kweminyaka embalwa kuphela, kuwukuhlakanipha ukuqapha.
Abahlinzeki bepende banolwazi nolwazi lokuncoma amasistimu kapende wezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile.
Izincomo zamaphaneli ane-Metal Coated Ugqinsi lwe-metallic coating ngaphansi kopende lunomthelela obalulekile empilweni yesevisi yamaphaneli apendwe ngaphambilini endaweni, ikakhulukazi endabeni yamaphaneli akhandiwe. Ukujiya koqweqwe lwensimbi, kwehlisa izinga lokugqwala okungaphansi emaphethelweni asikiwe, imihuzuko nanoma yiziphi ezinye izindawo lapho ubuqotho bomsebenzi wokupenda sengozini.
Ukugqwala kwe-shear yezingubo zensimbi lapho ukusikeka noma ukulimala kopende kukhona, nalapho kuvela khona izinki noma ama-alloys asekelwe ku-zinc. Njengoba ukugqoka kudliwa ukusabela okulimazayo, upende ulahlekelwa ukunamathela kwawo kanye nama-flakes noma ama-flakes ebusweni. Uma insimbi ijiyile, ijubane lokusika lihamba kancane kanye nesivinini sokusika esihamba kancane.
Endabeni yokufaka uthayela, ukubaluleka kokuqina kwe-zinc enamathela, ikakhulukazi ophahleni, kungesinye sezizathu ezenza abakhiqizi abaningi bemikhiqizo enamashidi batusa ukucaciswa okujwayelekile kwe-ASTM A653 yeshidi elishisayo le-hot-dip galvanized (galvanized) noma i-zinc-iron alloy steel sheet. inqubo yokucwilisa (okufakwe uthayela), isisindo sokumboza (okungukuthi ubukhulu) igama elithi G90 (okungukuthi 0.90 oz/sqft) Z275 (okungukuthi 275 g/m2) elifanele amashidi amaningi apendwe ngaphambilini ezicelo. Ngokufakwa kwangaphambili kwe-55% AlZn, inkinga yokuqina iba nzima ngenxa yezizathu ezimbalwa. I-ASTM A792/A792M, Ukucaciswa Okujwayelekile Kwe-Steel Plate, 55% I-Hot Dip Aluminium-Zinc Alloy Coating Weight (okungukuthi I-Mass) I-Designation AZ50 (AZM150) ngokuvamile iwukunconyelwa okunconyiwe njengoba kukhonjisiwe ukuthi ifaneleka umsebenzi wesikhathi eside.
Isici esisodwa okufanele sikhumbule ukuthi imisebenzi yokumboza ama-roll ngokuvamile ayikwazi ukusebenzisa ishidi elinamekwe ngensimbi elifakwe amakhemikhali asekelwe ku-chromium. Lawa makhemikhali angakwazi ukungcolisa abahlanzi kanye nezixazululo zokwelashwa kwangaphambili zemigqa ependiwe, ngakho-ke amabhodi angadluliswanga asetshenziswa kakhulu. 3
Ngenxa yokuqina nokuqina kwayo, Ukwelashwa Kwe-Galvanized (GA) akusetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwamashidi ensimbi apendwe ngaphambilini. Isibopho phakathi kukapende nalokhu kunamathela kwe-zinc-iron alloy kunamandla kunesibopho esiphakathi kokumboza nensimbi. Ngesikhathi sokubumba noma ukwenza umthelela, i-GA izoqhekeka futhi ihlukanise ngaphansi kopende, okubangele ukuthi zombili izendlalelo zixebuke.
Ukucatshangelwa Kwesistimu Yokupenda Ngokusobala, esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuqinisekiseni ukusebenza kahle upende osetshenziselwa umsebenzi. Isibonelo, ezindaweni ezithola ukukhanya kwelanga okuningi kanye nokuvezwa okukhulu kwe-UV, kubalulekile ukukhetha isiphetho esimelana ne-fade, kuyilapho ezindaweni ezinomswakama ophezulu, ukwelashwa kwangaphambili nokuqedwa kwenzelwe ukuvimbela ukungena komswakama. (Izindaba ezihlobene nezinhlelo zokumboza eziqondene nohlelo lokusebenza ziningi futhi ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zingaphezu kobubanzi balesi sihloko.)
Ukumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi ependiwe ethathiwe kuthonywa kakhulu ukusimama kwamakhemikhali nokomzimba kwesixhumi esibonakalayo phakathi kwendawo engaphezulu ye-zinc kanye ne-organic coating. Kuze kube muva nje, i-zinc plating ibisebenzisa ukwelapha kwamakhemikhali e-oxide exubile ukuze kuhlinzeke ngokuhlangana kobuso. Lezi zinto ziya ngokuya zithathelwa indawo yizingqimba ze-zinc phosphate eziqinile futhi ezimelana nokugqwala ezimelana nokugqwala ngaphansi kwefilimu. I-Zinc phosphate isebenza ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasolwandle nasezimeni ezimanzi isikhathi eside.
I-ASTM A755/A755M, idokhumenti enikeza umbono ojwayelekile wezingubo ezitholakalayo zemikhiqizo yensimbi ehlanganiswe ngensimbi, ibizwa ngokuthi “Ishidi Lensimbi, I-Hot Dip Coated Metal” futhi imbozwe ngaphambili ngekhoyili yemikhiqizo yokwakha ethonywe imvelo yangaphandle.
Ukucatshangelwa kwenqubo yokumboza amaroli ahlanganiswe ngaphambili Okuhlukile okubalulekile okuthinta impilo yomkhiqizo ohlanganiswe ngaphambili endaweni ukwakhiwa kweshidi elinamekwe ngaphambili. Inqubo yokumboza yama-rolls ahlanganiswe ngaphambili ingathinta kakhulu ukusebenza. Isibonelo, ukunamathela okuhle kopende kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukuxebuka noma ukugqashuka kopende ensimini. Ukunamathela okuhle kudinga amasu okuphatha ama-roll alawulwa kahle. Inqubo yokudweba imiqulu ithinta impilo yesevisi ensimini. Izinkinga ezihlanganisiwe:
Abakhiqizi be-roll coating abakhiqiza amashidi apendwe ngaphambili ezakhiwo banezinhlelo zekhwalithi ezimiswe kahle eziqinisekisa ukuthi lezi zinkinga zilawulwa ngendlela efanele. 4
Iphrofayili kanye nezici zedizayini yephaneli Ukubaluleka kwedizayini yamaphaneli, ikakhulukazi i-radius egobile eduze kobambo olwakhayo, kungenye indaba ebalulekile. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, ukugqwala kwe-zinc kwenzeka lapho ifilimu kapende yonakalisiwe. Uma iphaneli iklanywe nge-radius encane yokugoba, kuyohlale kunemifantu emsebenzini wokupenda. Le mifantu ivame ukuba mincane futhi ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ama-microcracks". Kodwa-ke, ukumbozwa kwensimbi kuyavezwa futhi kunethuba lokwenyuka kwezinga lokugqwala eduze kwendawo egobayo yephaneli eligoqiwe.
Amathuba we-microcracks ekugobeni akusho ukuthi izigaba ezijulile azinakwenzeka - abaklami kufanele bahlinzekele indawo enkulu kunazo zonke yokugoba ukuze kufakwe lezi zigaba.
Ngaphezu kokubaluleka komklamo womshini wokwenza iphaneli nomqulu, ukusebenza komshini wokwenza ama-roll nakho kuthinta ukukhiqiza ensimini. Isibonelo, indawo yesethi ye-roller ithinta i-radius yangempela yokugoba. Uma ukuqondanisa kungenziwanga kahle, ukugoba kungakha ama-kink abukhali ekugobeni kwephrofayela esikhundleni se-radii egobile ebushelelezi. Lokhu kugoba "okuqinile" kungaholela kuma-microcracks anzima kakhulu. Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi ama-rollers okukhwelana angaklwebheli umsebenzi wokupenda, njengoba lokhu kuzonciphisa ikhono lopende lokuzivumelanisa nokusebenza kokugoba. I-Cushioning enye inkinga ehlobene edinga ukukhonjwa ngesikhathi sokuphrofayili. Indlela evamile yokuvumela i-springback iwukuba "kink" iphaneli. Lokhu kuyadingeka, kodwa ukugoba ngokweqile ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwephrofayela kubangela ama-microcracks amaningi. Ngokufanayo, izinqubo zokulawula ikhwalithi zabakhiqizi bephaneli yokwakha zenzelwe ukubhekana nalezi zinkinga.
Isimo esaziwa ngokuthi “amathini kawoyela” noma “amaphakethe” kwesinye isikhathi siyenzeka lapho kugingqa amaphaneli ensimbi apendwe ngaphambilini. Amaphrofayili ephaneli anezindonga ezibanzi noma izingxenye eziyisicaba (isb. amaphrofayili wokwakha) asengozini enkulu. Lesi simo sidala ukubukeka okungamukeleki kwe-wavy lapho kufakwa amaphaneli ophahleni nasezindongeni. Amathini kawoyela angadalwa yizimbangela ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukungafihli kahle kweshidi elingenayo, ukusebenza kokucindezela kwe-roller nezindlela zokukhweza, futhi kungaba umphumela wokugoqana kweshidi ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa njengoba ukucindezeleka okucindezelayo kukhiqizwa ohlangothini lwe-longitudinal ishidi. iphaneli . 5 Lokhu kugoqa okunwebekayo kwenzeka ngenxa yokuthi insimbi ine-elongation yamandla e-low noma eyiziro (YPE), ukuwohloka kwe-stick-slip okwenzeka lapho insimbi yeluliwe.
Ngesikhathi ligoqeka, ishidi lizama ukuba mncane libheke ngakujiya bese lishwabana libheke ku-longitudinal esifundeni sewebhu. Ngama-steels e-YPE aphansi, indawo engaguquki eseduze nokugoba ivikelwe ekuncipheni kwe-longitudinal futhi isekuminyanisweni. Lapho ingcindezi ecindezelayo idlula umkhawulo wengcindezi ye-elastic buckling, amaza ephaketheni enzeka endaweni yodonga.
Izinsimbi ze-YPE eziphezulu zithuthukisa ukukhubazeka ngoba ingcindezi eyengeziwe isetshenziselwa ukuncipha kwendawo okugxile ekugobeni, okuholela ekudluliselweni kwengcindezi okuncane endaweni ye-longitudinal. Ngakho-ke, i-phenomenon ye-discontinuous (indawo) fluidity isetshenziswa. Ngakho-ke, insimbi ependwe ngaphambili ene-YPE engaphezu kuka-4% ingasongwa ngokugculisayo ibe amaphrofayili ezakhiwo. Izinto eziphansi ze-YPE zingagoqwa ngaphandle kwamathangi kawoyela, kuye ngezilungiselelo zokugaya, ukujiya kwensimbi kanye nephrofayili yephaneli.
Ubunzima bethangi likawoyela buyancipha njengoba kusetshenziswa ama-struts amaningi ukwenza iphrofayili, ukushuba kwensimbi kuyanda, ukukhuphuka kwe-bend radii nobubanzi bodonga buncipha. Uma i-YPE ingaphezulu kuka-6%, ama-gouges (okungukuthi ukuwohloka kwendawo okuphawulekayo) kungenzeka ngesikhathi sokugingqika. Ukuqeqeshwa okufanele kwesikhumba ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza kuzolawula lokhu. Abenzi bensimbi kufanele bakuqaphele lokhu lapho behlinzeka ngamaphaneli apendwe kusengaphambili amaphaneli okwakha ukuze inqubo yokukhiqiza isetshenziselwe ukukhiqiza i-YPE ngaphakathi kwemingcele eyamukelekayo.
Ukucatshangelwa Kwesitoreji Nokuphatha Cishe udaba olubaluleke kakhulu ngokugcina indawo ukugcina amaphaneli omile aze afakwe esakhiweni. Uma umswakama uvunyelwa ukungena phakathi kwamaphaneli aseduze ngenxa yemvula noma ukuminyana, futhi izindawo zamaphaneli ngokulandelayo zingavunyelwe ukuba zome ngokushesha, ezinye izinto ezingathandeki zingenzeka. Ukunamathela kukapende kungase konakale kubangele amaphakethe omoya amancane phakathi kukapende nezinki enamathelayo ngaphambi kokuba iphaneli ifakwe emsebenzini. Akudingekile ukusho, lokhu kuziphatha kungasheshisa ukulahlekelwa ukunamathela kopende enkonzweni.
Ngezinye izikhathi ukuba khona komswakama phakathi kwamapaneli endaweni yokwakha kungaholela ekwakhekeni kokugqwala okumhlophe kumapaneli (okungukuthi ukugqwala kwe-zinc coating). Lokhu akuthandeki nje kuphela ngobuhle, kodwa kungenza iphaneli ingasebenziseki.
Izinsimbi zephepha endaweni yokusebenza kufanele zisongwe ngephepha uma zingakwazi ukugcinwa ngaphakathi. Iphepha kufanele lifakwe ngendlela yokuthi amanzi angaqoqi ebaleni. Okungenani, iphakheji kufanele limbozwe ngethayela. Iphansi lishiywa livuliwe ukuze amanzi aphume ngokukhululeka; ngaphezu kwalokho, iqinisekisa ukugeleza komoya mahhala kunqwaba yokomisa uma kwenzeka i-condensation. 6
Ukucatshangelwa kwe-Architectural Design Ukugqwala kuthinteka kakhulu isimo sezulu esimanzi. Ngakho-ke, omunye wemithetho ebaluleke kakhulu yokuklama ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amanzi emvula kanye nokuncibilika kweqhwa kungadonsa kude nesakhiwo. Amanzi akufanele avunyelwe ukuthi anqwabelane futhi ahlangane nezakhiwo.
Uphahla olumiswe kancane yilona olungenwa ukugqwala kakhulu njengoba luchayeka emazingeni aphezulu emisebe ye-UV, imvula ene-asidi, izinhlayiya namakhemikhali apheshulwa ngumoya - kufanele kwenziwe yonke imizamo ukuze kugwenywe ukunqwabelana kwamanzi osilingini, ekungeneni komoya kuyo, ezintweni zokusebenza zokupholisa umoya nasezindleleni zokuhamba.
Ukugcwala kwamanzi onqenqemeni lwe-spillway kuncike emthambekeni wophahla: uma uphakeme umthambeka, kuba ngcono izindawo ezigqwalayo zonqenqema lokuconsa. Ukwengeza, izinsimbi ezingafani njengensimbi, i-aluminium, ithusi, kanye nomthofu kumele zihlukaniswe ngogesi ukuze kugwenywe ukugqwala kwe-galvanic, futhi imizila yokukhipha amanzi kumele yakhelwe ukuvikela amanzi ukuthi angagelezi esuka kwenye into eya kwenye. Cabangela ukusebenzisa umbala okhanyayo ophahleni lwakho ukuze unciphise umonakalo we-UV.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, impilo yephaneli ingafinyezwa kulezo zindawo zesakhiwo lapho kuneqhwa eliningi ophahleni futhi iqhwa lihlala phezu kophahla isikhathi eside. Uma isakhiwo siklanyelwe ukuze isikhala esingaphansi kwama-slabs ophahleni sifudumele, khona-ke iqhwa eliseduze nama-slabs lingancibilika ubusika bonke. Lokhu kuncibilika okunensayo okuqhubekayo kubangela ukuthintana kwamanzi unomphela (okungukuthi ukumanziswa isikhathi eside) kwephaneli ependiwe.
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, amanzi azogcina engenile efilimini kapende futhi ukugqwala kuzoba kubi kakhulu, okuzoholela ekuphileni okufushane okungajwayelekile kophahla. Uma uphahla lwangaphakathi lufakwe i-insulated futhi i-underside ye-shingles ihlala ibanda, iqhwa elithinta indawo yangaphandle alincibiliki unomphela, futhi ukubola kwepende kanye nokugqwala kwe-zinc okuhambisana nesikhathi eside somswakama kuyagwenywa. Futhi khumbula ukuthi ukujiya kwesistimu kapende, kuzothatha isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba umswakama ungene ku-substrate.
Izindonga Izindonga eziseceleni eziqondile azinasimo sezulu esibi futhi azilimele kakhulu kunesakhiwo sonke, ngaphandle kwezindawo ezivikelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukumbozwa okutholakala ezindaweni ezivikelwe njengezinto zokuhlobisa odongeni namaleji akuchayeka kakhulu elangeni nasemvuleni. Kulezi zindawo, ukugqwala kuthuthukiswa yiqiniso lokuthi ukungcola akukhukhulwa yimvula nokujiya, futhi futhi akushisi ngenxa yokuntuleka kwelanga eliqondile. Kufanele kuqashelwe ngokukhethekile ukuchayeka okuvikelekile ezindaweni zezimboni noma zasolwandle noma eduze kwemigwaqo emikhulu.
Izingxenye ezivundlile zezindonga zodonga kufanele zibe nomthambeka owanele ukuvimbela ukunqwabelana kwamanzi nokungcola - lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu kuma-ebbs angaphansi, njengoba i-slope enganele ingabangela ukugqwala kwayo kanye nokugquma ngaphezu kwayo.
Njengophahla, izinsimbi ezingafani njengensimbi, i-aluminium, ithusi nomthofu kumele zifakwe ngogesi ukuze kugwenywe ukugqwala kwe-galvanic. Futhi, ezindaweni ezinokuqoqwa kweqhwa elinzima, ukugqwala kungase kube inkinga ye-side side - uma kungenzeka, indawo eseduze nesakhiwo kufanele isuswe iqhwa noma ukufakwa okuhle kufanele kufakwe ukuvimbela ukuncibilika kweqhwa unomphela esakhiweni. indawo yephaneli.
I-insulation akufanele ibe manzi, futhi uma iba manzi, ungalokothi uyivumele ukuthi ihlangane namaphaneli apendwe ngaphambilini - uma i-insulation iba manzi, ngeke yome ngokushesha (uma kunjalo), ishiye amaphaneli evezwe ekuchayekeni isikhathi eside umswakama - - Lesi simo sizoholela ekuhlulekeni okusheshayo . Isibonelo, lapho okokufaka okungaphansi kwephaneli yodonga oluseceleni kuba manzi ngenxa yokungena kwamanzi kuya phansi, idizayini enamaphaneli adlulele ngezansi ibonakala ithandeka kunokuba iphansi lephaneli lifakwe ngqo phezulu phansi. Nciphisa amathuba okuba le nkinga yenzeke.
Amaphaneli apendwe ngaphambilini ahlanganiswe ne-55% ye-aluminium-zinc alloy coating akufanele ahlangane ngqo nokhonkolo omanzi - i-alkalinity ephakeme kakhonkolo ingagqwala i-aluminium, ibangele ukugoqa. 7 Uma isicelo sibandakanya ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokubopha ezingena ephanelini, kufanele zikhethwe ukuze impilo yazo yesevisi ifane neyephaneli ependiwe. Namuhla kunezikulufu/izinsimbi ezinento ephilayo ekhanda ukumelana nokugqwala futhi lezi zitholakala ngemibala ehlukahlukene ukuze zifane nophahla/udonga.
IZINDABA ZOKUFAKA Izinkinga ezimbili ezibaluleke kakhulu ezihlobene nokufakwa kwensimu, ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa ophahleni, kungaba indlela amaphaneli ahamba ngayo ophahleni kanye nomthelela wezicathulo namathuluzi abasebenzi. Uma ama-burrs akheka emaphethelweni amaphaneli ngesikhathi sokusika, ifilimu kapende ingase iklwebhe i-zinc coating njengoba amaphaneli eshelela emelene. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, nomaphi lapho ubuqotho bopende buphazamiseka, ukugqoka kwensimbi kuzoqala ukugqwala ngokushesha, okuthinta kabi impilo yephaneli elipendwe ngaphambilini. Ngokufanayo, izicathulo zezisebenzi zingabangela imihuzuko efanayo. Kubalulekile ukuthi izicathulo noma amabhuzu angavumeli amatshe amancane noma izinsimbi zensimbi ukungena ematheni.
Izimbobo ezincane kanye/noma amanotshi (“ama-chips”) avame ukwakhiwa ngesikhathi sokuhlanganisa, ukuqiniswa nokuqedwa - khumbula, lezi ziqukethe insimbi. Ngemva kokuba umsebenzi usuqediwe, noma nangaphambili, insimbi ingagqwala futhi ishiye ibala lokugqwala elibi, ikakhulukazi uma umbala kapende ulula. Ezimweni eziningi, lokhu kushintsha kombala kuthathwa njengokuwohloka kwangempela kwamaphaneli apendwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi, futhi ngaphandle kokucatshangelwa kobuhle, abanikazi bezakhiwo kudingeka baqiniseke ukuthi isakhiwo ngeke sehluleke ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Wonke ama-shavings ophahleni kufanele asuswe ngokushesha.
Uma ukufakwa kufaka uphahla oluphansi oluphansi, amanzi angase aqoqwe. Nakuba i-slope design ingase yanele ukuvumela ukuphuma kwamanzi mahhala, kungase kube nezinkinga zendawo ezibangela amanzi amile. Izifaca ezincane ezishiywe abasebenzi, njengokuhamba noma ukubeka amathuluzi, zingashiya izindawo ezingakwazi ukudonsa amanzi ngokukhululeka. Uma ukugeleza kwamahhala kungavunyelwe, amanzi amile angabangela upende ukuthi uqhume, okungabangela ukuthi upende uqhume ezindaweni ezinkulu, okungase kubangele ukugqwala okubi kakhulu kwensimbi ngaphansi kopende. Ukumisa isakhiwo ngemva kokwakhiwa kungaholela ekuphumeni okungalungile kophahla.
Ukucatshangelwa kwesondlo Ukugcinwa okulula kwamaphaneli apendiwe ezakhiweni kubandakanya ukuwasha ngamanzi ngezikhathi ezithile. Ekufakeni lapho amaphaneli echayeka emvuleni (isb uphahla), lokhu ngokuvamile akudingekile. Kodwa-ke, ezindaweni ezivikelekile ezivikelekile njengama-soffits nezindawo zodonga ngaphansi kwezivalo, ukuhlanza njalo ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha kuyasiza ekukhipheni usawoti owonakalisayo kanye nemfucumfucu ezindaweni zamaphaneli.
Kunconywa ukuthi noma yikuphi ukuhlanzwa kwenziwe “ngokuhlanza isivivinyo” kuqala endaweni encane engaphezulu endaweni engavuleki kakhulu ukuze kutholwe imiphumela ethile egculisayo.
Futhi, uma usebenzisa ophahleni, kubalulekile ukususa imfucumfucu exekethile njengamahlamvu, ukungcola, noma ukugeleza kokwakhiwa (okungukuthi uthuli noma enye imfucumfucu ezungeze izintuba zophahla). Nakuba lezi zinsalela zingenawo amakhemikhali anokhahlo, azovimbela ukomisa ngokushesha okubalulekile ophahleni oluhlala isikhathi eside.
Futhi, ungasebenzisi amafosholo ensimbi ukuze ususe iqhwa ophahleni. Lokhu kungaholela emihuzuko enzima kupende.
Amaphaneli ensimbi apendwe ngaphambili ngensimbi ezakhiwo aklanyelwe iminyaka yenkonzo engenazinkinga. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukubukeka kwazo zonke izingqimba zopende kuzoshintsha, mhlawumbe kuze kufike lapho kudingeka khona ukupendiwa kabusha. 8
Isiphetho Amashidi ensimbi apendwe kusengaphambili asetshenziselwe ngempumelelo ukwakha izinsimbi (uphahla nezindonga) ezimweni zezulu ezehlukene amashumi eminyaka. Ukusebenza okude futhi okungenazinkinga kungafinyelelwa ngokukhetha okulungile kwesistimu yepende, ukuklama ngokucophelela kwesakhiwo nokugcinwa okuvamile.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-05-2023