Ukusetshenziswa kwengilazi encane kuthembisa ukufeza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene embonini yezokwakha. Ngaphezu kwezinzuzo zemvelo zokusetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo kwezinsiza, abaklami bezakhiwo bangasebenzisa ingilazi encane ukuze bazuze amadigri amasha enkululeko yokuklama. Ngokusekelwe kumbono wesamishi, ingilazi encane eguquguqukayo ingahlanganiswa ne-3D ephrintiwe e-open-cell polymer core ukuze yakheke eqinile futhi engasindi.
izakhi ezihlanganisiwe. Lesi sihloko sethula umzamo wokuhlola wokwenziwa kwedijithali kwamaphaneli e-facade ayinhlanganisela yengilazi ezacile kusetshenziswa amarobhothi ezimboni. Ichaza umqondo wokwenza idijithi ukuhamba komsebenzi kwefekthri kuya embonini, okuhlanganisa nomklamo osizwa yikhompyutha (CAD), ubunjiniyela (CAE), kanye nokukhiqiza (CAM). Ucwaningo lubonisa inqubo yokuklama i-parametric eyenza ukuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo kwamathuluzi okuhlaziya idijithali.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nqubo ibonisa amandla nezinselele zokukhiqiza amaphaneli ahlanganisiwe wengilazi encane. Ezinye zezinyathelo zokukhiqiza ezenziwa ingalo yerobhothi yezimboni, njengokukhiqiza okungeziwe kwefomethi enkulu, ukwenziwa kwemishini engaphezulu, izinqubo zokunamathisela kanye nokuhlanganisa, kuchazwe lapha. Okokugcina, ngokokuqala ngqá, ukuqonda okujulile kwezakhiwo zemishini yamaphaneli ayinhlanganisela kutholwe ngezifundo zokuhlola nezinombolo kanye nokuhlolwa kwezakhiwo zemishini zamaphaneli ayinhlanganisela ngaphansi kokulayisha phezulu. Umqondo ophelele wedizayini yedijithali nokuhamba komsebenzi wokwenziwa, kanye nemiphumela yocwaningo lokuhlola, inikeza isisekelo sokuqhubeka nokuhlanganiswa kwencazelo yomumo nezindlela zokuhlaziya, kanye nokwenza izifundo ezibanzi zobumishini ezifundweni ezizayo.
Izindlela zokukhiqiza ezidijithali zisivumela ukuthi sithuthukise ukukhiqiza ngokuguqula izindlela zendabuko futhi sinikeze amathuba amasha okuklama [1]. Izindlela zokwakha zendabuko zivame ukusebenzisa ngokweqile izinto ngokwezindleko, i-geometry eyisisekelo, nokuphepha. Ngokuhambisa ukwakhiwa kumafektri, kusetshenziswa i-modular prefabrication kanye namarobhothi ukuze kusetshenziswe izindlela ezintsha zokuklama, izinto zokwakha zingasetshenziswa ngempumelelo ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni ukuphepha. Ukwenziwa kwedijithali kusivumela ukuthi sinwebe umcabango wethu wokuklama ukuze sakhe umumo wejiyomethri ohluke kakhulu, osebenza kahle futhi onesifiso sokuvelela. Nakuba izinqubo zokuklama nokubala ziye zafakwa ekhompyutheni, ukukhiqiza nokuhlanganisa kusakwenziwa kakhulu ngezandla ngezindlela ezivamile. Ukuze ubhekane nezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zamahhala, izinqubo zokukhiqiza idijithali ziya ngokuya zibaluleke kakhulu. Isifiso senkululeko kanye nokuguquguquka komklamo, ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa kuma-facade, sikhula kancane kancane. Ngaphezu komphumela obonakalayo, ama-facade amafomu amahhala nawo akuvumela ukuthi udale izakhiwo ezisebenza kahle, ngokwesibonelo, ngokusebenzisa imiphumela ye-membrane [2]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla amakhulu ezinqubo zokukhiqiza ezidijithali alele ekusebenzeni kahle kwazo kanye nokwenzeka kokwenza kahle umklamo.
Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bedijithali bungasetshenziswa kanjani ukuklama nokwenza iphaneli ye-façade eyinhlanganisela ye-facade ehlanganisa umongo we-polymer owenziwe ngokungeziwe kanye namaphaneli angaphandle engilazi amancane ahlanganisiwe. Ngaphezu kwamathuba amasha okwakha ahambisana nokusetshenziswa kwengilazi encane, imibandela yezemvelo nezomnotho nayo ibe yizisusa ezibalulekile zokusebenzisa izinto ezincane zokwakha imvilophu yokwakha. Ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukushoda kwezinsiza kanye nokukhuphuka kwamanani kagesi esikhathini esizayo, ingilazi kufanele isetshenziswe ngobuhlakani. Ukusetshenziswa kwengilazi encane engaphansi kuka-2 mm ubukhulu kusukela embonini ye-electronics kwenza i-facade ibe lula futhi kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa.
Ngenxa yokuguquguquka okuphezulu kwengilazi encane, ivula amathuba amasha ezinhlelo zokusebenza zezakhiwo futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ibeka izinselele ezintsha zobunjiniyela [3,4,5,6]. Nakuba ukuqaliswa kwamanje kwamaphrojekthi we-facade esebenzisa ingilazi encane kulinganiselwe, ingilazi encane iya ngokuya isetshenziswa ezifundweni zobunjiniyela bomphakathi kanye nezakhiwo. Ngenxa yekhono eliphezulu lengilazi elincanyana ekuguqukeni kokunwebeka, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuma-facade kudinga izixazululo eziqinisiwe zesakhiwo [7]. Ngaphezu kokuxhaphaza umphumela we-membrane ngenxa yejiyomethri egobile [8], umzuzu we-inertia ungaphinda ukhuliswe ngesakhiwo se-multilayer esihlanganisa umgogodla we-polymer kanye neshidi langaphandle lengilazi elincane elinamathiselwe. Le ndlela ibonise isithembiso ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwe-polycarbonate core eqinile, engaminyene kakhulu kunengilazi. Ngaphezu kwesenzo esihle somshini, izindlela zokuphepha ezengeziwe zahlangatshezwana nazo [9].
Indlela ocwaningweni olulandelayo isekelwe emcabangweni ofanayo, kodwa kusetshenziswa indikimba eguquguqukayo yembobo evulekile eyakhiwe ngokungeziwe. Lokhu kuqinisekisa izinga eliphezulu lenkululeko yejiyomethri kanye namathuba okuklama, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwemisebenzi ebonakalayo yesakhiwo [10]. Amaphaneli anjalo ayinhlanganisela afakazele ukuthi asebenza kahle kakhulu ekuhlolweni kwemishini [11] futhi athembisa ukunciphisa inani lengilazi elisetshenziswa lifike ku-80%. Lokhu ngeke kunciphise kuphela izinsiza ezidingekayo, kodwa futhi kunciphise kakhulu isisindo samaphaneli, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise ukusebenza kahle kwesakhiwo esingaphansi. Kodwa izinhlobo ezintsha zokwakha zidinga izinhlobo ezintsha zokukhiqiza. Izakhiwo ezisebenzayo zidinga izinqubo zokukhiqiza ezisebenzayo. Idizayini yedijithali inikela ekukhiqizeni okudijithali. Lesi sihloko siqhubeka nocwaningo lwangaphambili lombhali ngokwethula ucwaningo lwenqubo yokukhiqiza yedijithali yamaphaneli ayinhlanganisela yengilazi encanyana yamarobhothi ezimboni. Okugxilwe kakhulu ekufakeni idijithali ukuhamba komsebenzi kwefayela kuya embonini yama-prototypes okuqala anefomethi enkulu ukwandisa ukuzenzekelayo kwenqubo yokukhiqiza.
Iphaneli eyinhlanganisela (Umfanekiso 1) iqukethe izimbotshana ezimbili zengilazi ezacile ezisongwe umgogodla we-AM polymer. Lezi zingxenye ezimbili zixhunywe ngeglue. Inhloso yalo mklamo ukusabalalisa umthwalo phezu kwesigaba sonke ngokuphumelelayo ngangokunokwenzeka. Izikhathi zokugoba zidala izingcindezi ezijwayelekile kugobolondo. Amandla angemuva abangela ukucindezelwa kwe-shear kumgogodla kanye namalunga okunamathela.
Ungqimba lwangaphandle lwesakhiwo sesemishi lwenziwe ngengilazi encane. Eqinisweni, ingilazi ye-soda-lime silicate izosetshenziswa. Ngobukhulu obuqondiwe obungu-<2 mm, inqubo yokushisa eshisayo ifinyelela umkhawulo wamanje wezobuchwepheshe. Ingilazi ye-aluminosilicate eqiniswe ngamakhemikhali ingase ibhekwe njengefaneleka ngokukhethekile uma amandla aphezulu edingeka ngenxa yomklamo (isb. amaphaneli agoqiwe abandayo) noma ukusetshenziswa [12]. Ukudluliswa kokukhanya kanye nemisebenzi yokuvikela imvelo izohambisana nezakhiwo ezinhle zemishini ezifana nokumelana nokuklwejwa okuhle kanye nemoduli ye-Young ephakeme uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinto ezisetshenziswa ekuhlanganiseni. Ngenxa yobukhulu obulinganiselwe obukhona bengilazi ezacile eqiniswe ngamakhemikhali, amaphaneli engilazi ye-soda-lime eqine ngokuphelele engu-3 mm asetshenzisiwe ukuze kwakhiwe umfanekiso wokuqala omkhulu.
Isakhiwo esisekelayo sibhekwa njengengxenye emise okwephaneli eyinhlanganisela. Cishe zonke izici ziyathinteka yikho. Ngenxa yendlela yokukhiqiza okungeziwe, futhi iyisikhungo senqubo yokukhiqiza yedijithali. I-Thermoplastics icutshungulwa ngokuhlanganisa. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukusebenzisa inombolo enkulu yama-polymers ahlukene kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile. I-topology yezinto eziyinhloko ingaklanywa ngokugcizelela okuhlukile kuye ngomsebenzi wabo. Ngale njongo, ukwakheka komumo kungahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezine zokuklama ezilandelayo: ukwakheka kwesakhiwo, ukwakheka okusebenzayo, ukwakheka kobuhle, kanye nomklamo wokukhiqiza. Isigaba ngasinye singaba nezinhloso ezihlukene, ezingaholela ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene ze-topology.
Ngesikhathi socwaningo lokuqala, eminye yemiklamo esemqoka yahlolwa ukufaneleka komklamo wayo [11]. Ngokubuka kwemishini, ubuncane bezikhathi ezintathu obuncane obuwumgogodla we-gyroscope busebenza kahle kakhulu. Lokhu kunikeza ukumelana okuphezulu komshini ukugoba ekusetshenzisweni kwempahla ephansi. Ngaphezu kwezakhiwo eziyisisekelo zamaselula ezikhiqizwe kabusha ezindaweni ezingaphezulu, i-topology ingabuye yenziwe ngamanye amasu okuthola umumo. Ukukhiqizwa komugqa wokucindezeleka kungenye yezindlela ezingenzeka zokwandisa ukuqina ngesisindo esiphansi kakhulu esingaba khona [13]. Kodwa-ke, isakhiwo sekhekheba lezinyosi, esisetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwamasemishi, sisetshenziswe njengesiqalo sokuthuthukiswa komugqa wokukhiqiza. Leli fomu eliyisisekelo liholela ekuthuthukeni okusheshayo ekukhiqizeni, ikakhulukazi ngohlelo lwendlela yamathuluzi olula. Ukuziphatha kwayo kumaphaneli ayinhlanganisela kufundwe kabanzi [14, 15, 16] futhi ukubukeka kungashintshwa ngezindlela eziningi ngokusebenzisa ipharamitha futhi kungasetshenziselwa imiqondo yokuqala yokwenza kahle.
Kunama-polymers amaningi we-thermoplastic okufanele acatshangelwe lapho ukhetha i-polymer, kuye ngenqubo yokukhipha esetshenzisiwe. Izifundo zokuqala zokuqala zezinto ezincane zehlise inani lama-polymers athathwa njengafanele ukusetshenziswa kuma-facade [11]. I-Polycarbonate (PC) iyathembisa ngenxa yokumelana nokushisa kwayo, ukumelana ne-UV kanye nokuqina okuphezulu. Ngenxa yokutshalwa kwezimali okwengeziwe kwezobuchwepheshe nezezimali okudingekayo ukucubungula i-polycarbonate, i-ethylene glycol modified polyethylene terephthalate (PETG) yasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza ama-prototypes okuqala. Kulula kakhulu ukucutshungulwa emazingeni okushisa aphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nengozi ephansi yokucindezeleka okushisayo kanye nokuguqulwa kwengxenye. I-prototype eboniswe lapha yenziwe nge-PETG egaywe kabusha ebizwa ngokuthi i-PIPG. Izinto zomiswa kuqala ku-60 ° C okungenani amahora angu-4 futhi zicutshungulwa zibe yizinhlayiya ezinokuqukethwe kwengilazi ye-fiber engu-20% [17].
I-adhesive inikeza isibopho esiqinile phakathi kwesakhiwo se-polymer core kanye nesivalo sengilazi esincane. Lapho amaphaneli ahlanganisiwe engaphansi kwemithwalo yokugoba, amalunga okunamathela angaphansi kokucindezeleka kwe-shear. Ngakho-ke, i-adhesive eqinile iyakhethwa futhi inganciphisa ukuchezuka. Izinamatheliso ezicacile zisiza futhi ukuhlinzeka ngekhwalithi ephezulu ebonakalayo uma iboshelwe engilazini ecacile. Esinye isici esibalulekile lapho ukhetha i-adhesive ukukhiqizwa nokuhlanganiswa kuzinqubo zokukhiqiza ezizenzakalelayo. Lapha izinto zokunamathisela ezilapha nge-UV ezinezikhathi zokuphulukisa eziguquguqukayo zingenza kube lula kakhulu ukuma kwezingqimba zekhava. Ngokusekelwe ekuhlolweni kokuqala, uchungechunge lwezinamathiselo luhlolwe ukufaneleka kwamaphaneli ahlanganisiwe engilazi [18]. I-Loctite® AA 3345™ i-acrylate eyelaphekayo ye-UV [19] ibonakale iyifaneleka ngokukhethekile le nqubo elandelayo.
Ukuze kusetshenziswe amathuba okukhiqiza okungeziwe kanye nokuguquguquka kwengilazi encane, yonke inqubo yayiklanyelwe ukusebenza ngedijithali kanye ne-parametrically. Intethe isetshenziswa njengesixhumi esibonakalayo sokuhlela, igwema ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinhlelo ezahlukahlukene. Yonke imikhakha (yobunjiniyela, ubunjiniyela nokukhiqiza) izosekela futhi iphelelisane kufayela elilodwa ngempendulo eqondile evela ku-opharetha. Kulesi sigaba socwaningo, ukuhamba komsebenzi kusathuthukiswa futhi kulandela iphethini ekhonjiswe kuMfanekiso 2. Izinjongo ezihlukene zingahlukaniswa zibe izigaba ngaphakathi kwezifundo.
Nakuba ukukhiqizwa kwamaphaneli amasemishi kuleli phepha kwenziwe ngokuzenzakalela ngomklamo ogxile kubasebenzisi kanye nokulungiswa kokwenziwa, ukuhlanganiswa nokuqinisekiswa kwamathuluzi wobunjiniyela angawodwana akukenzeki ngokugcwele. Ngokusekelwe kumklamo wepharamitha we-geometry ye-facade, kungenzeka ukuklama igobolondo langaphandle lesakhiwo ezingeni le-macro (i-facade) ne-meso (amaphaneli angaphambili). Esinyathelweni sesibili, iluphu yempendulo yobunjiniyela ihlose ukuhlola ukuphepha nokufaneleka kanye nokusebenza kokwakhiwa kodonga lwamakhethini. Ekugcineni, amaphaneli aphumayo alungele ukukhiqizwa kwedijithali. Uhlelo lucubungula ukwakheka okuyinhloko okuthuthukisiwe ku-G-code efundeka ngomshini futhi luyilungisele ukukhiqizwa okungeziwe, ukucubungula kwangemuva kokukhipha kanye nokuhlanganisa ingilazi.
Inqubo yokuklama ibhekwa emazingeni amabili ahlukene. Ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukwakheka kwe-macro yama-facade kuthinta i-geometry yephaneli ngayinye eyinhlanganisela, i-topology ye-core ngokwayo nayo ingaklanywa ezingeni le-meso. Uma usebenzisa imodeli ye-facade yepharamitha, umumo nokubukeka kungathonywa izigaba ze-façade eziyisibonelo kusetshenziswa izilayidi eziboniswe kuMfanekiso 3. Ngakho, isamba sendawo siqukethe indawo ehlanjululwayo echazwe umsebenzisi engakhubazeka kusetshenziswa izikhangi zamaphuzu futhi ilungiswe ecacisa ubuncane kanye nezinga eliphezulu lokuguquguquka. Lokhu kunikeza izinga eliphezulu lokuguquguquka ekwakhiweni kwezimvilophu zokwakha. Kodwa-ke, leli zinga lenkululeko likhawulelwe yizingqinamba zobuchwepheshe nezokukhiqiza, ezibuye zidlalwe ngama-algorithms engxenyeni yobunjiniyela.
Ngaphezu kobude nobubanzi be-façade yonke, ukuhlukaniswa kwamapaneli we-façade kunqunywa. Ngokuqondene namaphaneli e-façade ngayinye, angachazwa ngokunembile kakhulu ezingeni le-meso. Lokhu kuthinta i-topology yesakhiwo esiyinhloko ngokwayo, kanye nobukhulu bengilazi. Lezi ziguquko ezimbili, kanye nosayizi wephaneli, zinobudlelwano obubalulekile nemodeli yobunjiniyela bemishini. Ukuklanywa nokuthuthukiswa kwalo lonke izinga le-macro ne-meso kungenziwa mayelana nokwenza kahle ezigabeni ezine zesakhiwo, umsebenzi, ubuhle kanye nomklamo womkhiqizo. Abasebenzisi bangathuthukisa ukubukeka okuphelele kanye nomuzwa wemvilophu yokwakha ngokubeka phambili lezi zindawo.
Iphrojekthi isekelwa ingxenye yobunjiniyela isebenzisa iluphu yempendulo. Kuze kube manje, imigomo nemibandela yemingcele ichazwa esigabeni sokuthuthukisa esiboniswe ku-Fig. 2. Ihlinzeka ngamaphaseji asebenzisekayo ngokobuchwepheshe, aqinile ngokomzimba, futhi aphephile ukuba akhelwe endaweni yokubuka yobunjiniyela, enomthelela omkhulu ekwakhiweni. Lesi yisiqalo samathuluzi ahlukahlukene angahlanganiswa ngqo ku-Grasshopper. Ophenyweni olwengeziwe, izakhiwo zemishini zingahlolwa kusetshenziswa i-Finite Element Analysis (FEM) noma izibalo zokuhlaziya.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifundo zemisebe yelanga, ukuhlaziya umugqa wokubona, kanye nemodeli yesikhathi sokukhanya kwelanga kungahlola umthelela wamaphaneli ayinhlanganisela ekwakheni i-physics. Kubalulekile ukuthi ungakhawuleli ngokweqile isivinini, ukusebenza kahle kanye nokuguquguquka kwenqubo yokuklama. Ngakho-ke, imiphumela etholwe lapha yakhelwe ukunikeza isiqondiso esengeziwe nokusekelwa enqubweni yokuklama futhi ayithatheli indawo yokuhlaziya okuningiliziwe nokulungiswa ekupheleni kwenqubo yokuklama. Lolu hlelo lwamasu lubeka isisekelo socwaningo olwengeziwe lwezigaba zemiphumela efakazelwe. Isibonelo, kuncane okwaziwayo mayelana nokuziphatha kwemishini kwamaphaneli ayinhlanganisela ngaphansi komthwalo ohlukahlukene nezimo zokusekela.
Uma umklamo nobunjiniyela sekuqediwe, imodeli isilungele ukukhiqizwa kwedijithali. Inqubo yokukhiqiza ihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezine (Fig. 4). Okokuqala, isakhiwo esiyinhloko sakhiwe ngokungeziwe kusetshenziswa indawo yokunyathelisa ye-3D yamarobhothi enkulu. Ingaphezulu libe seligaywa kusetshenziswa isistimu yerobhothi efanayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi engaphezulu edingekayo ukuze kuhlanganiswe kahle. Ngemva kokugaya, okunamathelayo kusetshenziswa eduze kwesakhiwo esiyinhloko kusetshenziswa isistimu yokudosa eklanywe ngokukhethekile efakwe ohlelweni olufanayo lwerobhothi olusetshenziselwa inqubo yokunyathelisa nokugaya. Ekugcineni, ingilazi ifakwa futhi ibekwe ngaphambi kokwelashwa kwe-UV kwelunga eliboshiwe.
Ngokukhiqiza okungeziwe, i-topology echaziwe yesakhiwo esingaphansi kufanele sihunyushwe ngolimi lomshini we-CNC (GCode). Ukuze uthole imiphumela efanayo nekhwalithi ephezulu, umgomo uwukuphrinta isendlalelo ngasinye ngaphandle kokuwa kwe-extruder nozzle. Lokhu kuvimbela ukucindezela okungafuneki ekuqaleni nasekupheleni kokunyakaza. Ngakho-ke, iskripthi sokukhiqiza i-trajectory esiqhubekayo sabhalelwa iphethini yeseli esetshenziswayo. Lokhu kuzodala i-parametric eqhubekayo ye-polyline enezindawo ezifanayo zokuqala nezokugcina, ezivumelanisa nosayizi wephaneli ekhethiwe, inombolo nosayizi wamakhekheba ezinyosi njengokuklama ngakunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amapharamitha afana nobubanzi bomugqa nobude bomugqa angacaciswa ngaphambi kokubeka imigqa ukuze kuzuzwe ukuphakama okufunayo kwesakhiwo esikhulu. Isinyathelo esilandelayo kuskripthi ukubhala imiyalo yekhodi ye-G.
Lokhu kwenziwa ngokurekhoda izixhumanisi zephoyinti ngalinye kulayini ngolwazi olwengeziwe lomshini olufana nezinye izimbazo ezifanele zokuma nokulawula ivolumu ye-extrusion. Ikhodi ye-G ewumphumela ingabe isidluliselwa emishinini yokukhiqiza. Kulesi sibonelo, ingalo yerobhothi yezimboni ye-Comau NJ165 kumzila wesitimela isetshenziselwa ukulawula i-CEAD E25 extruder ngokusho kwekhodi ye-G (Umfanekiso 5). I-prototype yokuqala esetshenziswa i-post-industrial PETG ene-fibre yengilazi engu-20%. Ngokuphathelene nokuhlolwa kwemishini, usayizi ohlosiwe useduze nobukhulu bemboni yezokwakha, ngakho-ke ubukhulu besici esiyinhloko buyi-1983 × 876 mm namaseli angu-6 × 4 wezinyosi. 6 mm no-2 mm ukuphakama.
Ukuhlolwa kokuqala kubonise ukuthi kunomehluko emandleni okunamathela phakathi kwe-adhesive ne-3D printing resin kuye ngendawo yayo engaphezulu. Ukuze wenze lokhu, izibonelo zokuhlolwa kokukhiqiza okungeziwe zinamathiselwe noma zifakwe ingilazi engilazi futhi zingaphansi kokushuba noma ukugunda. Phakathi nokucubungula komshini kokuqala kwendawo ye-polymer ngokugaya, amandla anda kakhulu (Fig. 6). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithuthukisa ukucaba kwe-core futhi ivimbele ukukhubazeka okubangelwa ukukhishwa ngokweqile. I-UV eyelaphekayo i-LOCTITE® AA 3345™ [19] i-acrylate esetshenziswe lapha izwela izimo zokucubungula.
Lokhu kuvame ukuphumela ekuchezukeni okuphezulu okujwayelekile kwamasampuli okuhlola ibhondi. Ngemuva kokukhiqiza okungeziwe, isakhiwo esiyinhloko sagaywa emshinini wokugaya iphrofayili. Ikhodi ye-G edingekayo kulo msebenzi ikhiqizwa ngokuzenzakalelayo kusuka ezindleleni zamathuluzi kakade zenzelwe inqubo yokuphrinta ye-3D. Isakhiwo esiyinhloko sidinga ukuphrintwa sibe phezulu kancane kunobude obuhlosiwe obuyinhloko. Kulesi sibonelo, isakhiwo esiwugqinsi esingu-18 mm sehlisiwe saba ngu-14 mm.
Le ngxenye yenqubo yokukhiqiza iyinselele enkulu ye-automation egcwele. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinamathelisa kubeka izidingo eziphakeme ekunembeni nasekunembeni kwemishini. Uhlelo lwe-pneumatic dosing lusetshenziselwa ukusebenzisa i-adhesive eduze kwesakhiwo esiyinhloko. Iqondiswa irobhothi endaweni yokugaya ngokuhambisana nendlela yamathuluzi echaziwe. Kuvela ukuthi esikhundleni sethiphu yendabuko yokukhipha ngebhulashi kunenzuzo ikakhulukazi. Lokhu kuvumela ukunamathela okuphansi kwe-viscosity ukuthi kukhishwe ngokufanayo ngevolumu. Lesi samba sinqunywa ingcindezi ohlelweni kanye nesivinini serobhothi. Ukuze uthole ukunemba okukhulu nekhwalithi ephezulu yokubopha, isivinini sokuhamba esiphansi esingu-200 kuya ku-800 mm/min siyakhethwa.
I-Acrylate ene-viscosity emaphakathi engu-1500 mPa*s isetshenziswe odongeni lwe-polymer core 6 mm ububanzi kusetshenziswa ibhulashi lokudosa elinobubanzi bangaphakathi obungu-0.84 mm kanye nobubanzi bebhulashi obungu-5 ngengcindezi esetshenziswayo engu-0.3 kuya ku-0.6 mbar. mm. I-adhesive ibe isisakazwa phezu kwe-substrate futhi yakha ungqimba oluwugqinsi oluyi-1 mm ngenxa yokungezwani kwendawo. Ukunqunywa okuqondile kogqinsi lwe-adhesive akukwazi ukwenziwa ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ubude benqubo buyisimiso esibalulekile sokukhetha i-adhesive. Isakhiwo esiyinhloko esikhiqizwa lapha sinobude bethrekhi obungama-26 m ngakho-ke isikhathi sokufaka isicelo semizuzu engama-30 kuya kwengama-60.
Ngemva kokufaka i-adhesive, faka iwindi elicwebezeliswe kabili endaweni. Ngenxa yobukhulu obuphansi bezinto ezibonakalayo, ingilazi encane isivele ikhubazekile kakhulu ngesisindo sayo ngakho-ke kufanele ibekwe ngokulinganayo ngangokunokwenzeka. Kulokhu, kusetshenziswa izinkomishi zokumunca ingilazi yomoya ezinezinkomishi zokumunca ezihlakazeke isikhathi. Ibekwe phezu kwengxenye kusetshenziswa i-crane, futhi esikhathini esizayo ingase ibekwe ngokuqondile kusetshenziswa amarobhothi. Ipuleti lengilazi lalibekwe ngokuhambisana nendawo engaphakathi ongqimbeni olunamathelayo. Ngenxa yesisindo esilula, ipuleti yengilazi eyengeziwe (ubukhulu obungu-4 kuya ku-6 mm) ikhulisa ukucindezela kuyo.
Umphumela kufanele ube ukumanzisa okuphelele kwendawo yengilazi eduze kwesakhiwo esiwumgogodla, njengoba kungahlulelwa ngokuhlola okubonakalayo kokuqala kokuhluka kwemibala ebonakalayo. Inqubo yesicelo ingaba nomthelela omkhulu kwikhwalithi yejoyinti lokugcina eliboshiwe. Uma sekuhlanganiswe, amaphaneli engilazi akumele anyakaze njengoba lokhu kuzoholela ekushiyeni okunamathelayo okubonakalayo engilazini kanye namaphutha ongqimba lwangempela lokunamathela. Ekugcineni, okunamathelayo kwelapheka ngemisebe ye-UV kubude begagasi obungu-365 nm. Ukuze wenze lokhu, isibani se-UV esinamandla amakhulu we-6 mW/cm2 sidlula kancane kancane phezu kwayo yonke indawo yokunamathisela ngamasekhondi angama-60.
Umqondo wamaphaneli ayinhlanganisela yengilazi encane engasindi futhi enziwe ngendlela oyifisayo enomongo we-polymer owenziwe ngokwengeza okuxoxwe ngawo lapha uhloselwe ukusetshenziswa kuma-facade azayo. Ngakho, amaphaneli ayinhlanganisela kufanele athobelane namazinga asebenzayo futhi ahlangabezane nezimfuneko zezifunda zomkhawulo wesevisi (SLS), izifunda zomkhawulo wamandla okugcina (i-ULS) kanye nezimfuneko zokuphepha. Ngakho-ke, amaphaneli ahlanganisiwe kufanele aphephe, aqine, futhi aqine ngokwanele ukuze amelane nemithwalo (njengemithwalo engaphezulu) ngaphandle kokuphuka noma ukuwohloka ngokweqile. Ukuze kuphenywe ukusabela komshini kwamaphaneli enhlanganisela yengilazi ezacile ayekade enziwe ngaphambili (njengoba kuchazwe esigabeni Sokuhlolwa Komshini), aye ngaphansi kokuhlolwa komthwalo womoya njengoba kuchazwe esigatshaneni esilandelayo.
Inhloso yokuhlolwa ngokomzimba iwukufunda izakhiwo zemishini zamaphaneli ahlanganisiwe wezindonga zangaphandle ngaphansi kwemithwalo yomoya. Kuze kube sekugcineni, amaphaneli ayinhlanganisela ahlanganisa ishidi langaphandle lengilazi elingugqinsi elingu-3 mm eliwugqinsi kanye nengqikithi eyakhiwe ngokungeziwe engu-14 mm (kusuka ku-PIPG-GF20) enziwe njengoba kuchazwe ngenhla kusetshenziswa i-Henkel Loctite AA 3345 adhesive (Fig. 7 left). )). . Amaphaneli ahlanganisiwe abese enamathiselwe ohlakeni lokusekela izinkuni ngezikulufu zensimbi eziqhutshwa ngohlaka lwezinkuni nasezinhlangothini zesakhiwo esikhulu. Izikulufu ezingu-30 zibekwe eduze komjikelezo wephaneli (bona umugqa omnyama kwesokunxele ku-Fig. 7) ukuze ukhiqize kabusha izimo zokusekela eziwumugqa ezizungeze umjikelezo ngokuseduze ngangokunokwenzeka.
Uhlaka lokuhlola lwabe selivalelwa odongeni lokuhlola lwangaphandle ngokusebenzisa ukucindezela komoya noma ukumuncwa komoya ngemva kwephaneli eyinhlanganisela (Umfanekiso 7, phezulu kwesokudla). I-digital correlation system (DIC) isetshenziselwa ukurekhoda idatha. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ingilazi yangaphandle yephaneli ehlanganisiwe ihlanganiswe neshidi elincane elinwebekayo eliphrintiwe kulo ngephethini yomsindo we-pearline (Umfanekiso 7, ngezansi kwesokudla). I-DIC isebenzisa amakhamera amabili ukurekhoda indawo ehlobene yawo wonke amaphuzu okulinganisa kuyo yonke indawo yengilazi. Izithombe ezimbili ngomzuzwana zaqoshwa futhi zasetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa. Ukucindezela ekamelweni, elizungezwe ngamaphaneli ahlanganisiwe, kukhuliswa nge-fan ku-1000 Pa increments kuze kufike inani eliphakeme le-4000 Pa, ukuze izinga ngalinye lomthwalo ligcinwe imizuzwana engu-10.
Ukusethwa ngokomzimba kokuhlolwa nakho kumelelwa imodeli yezinombolo enobukhulu obufanayo bejiyomethri. Kulokhu, kusetshenziswa uhlelo lwezinombolo lwe-Ansys Mechanical. Isakhiwo esiwumgogodla bekuyi-geometric mesh kusetshenziswa i-SOLID 185 i-elementi enehexagonal enezinhlangothi ezingu-20 mm zengilazi kanye ne-SOLID 187 tetrahedral elements nezinhlangothi ezingu-3 mm. Ukwenza kube lula ukumodela, kulesi sigaba socwaningo, kucatshangwa lapha ukuthi i-acrylate esetshenzisiwe iqinile futhi izacile, futhi ichazwa njengesibopho esiqinile phakathi kwengilazi nezinto eziyinhloko.
Amaphaneli ahlanganisiwe ahlanganiswe emgqeni oqondile ngaphandle komgogodla, futhi iphaneli yeglasi ingaphansi komthwalo wengcindezi ye-surface ye-4000 Pa. Nakuba i-geometric nonlinearities yacatshangelwa ekubumbeni, amamodeli wezinto ezibonakalayo kuphela asetshenziswe kulesi sigaba funda. Nakuba lokhu kuwukucabangela okuvumelekile kokuphendula okunwebekayo kwengilazi (E = 70,000 MPa), ngokusho kweshidi ledatha lomkhiqizi we-(viscoelastic) polymeric core material [17], ukuqina komugqa E = 8245 MPa kwasetshenziswa ukuhlaziya kwamanje kufanele kubhekwe ngokuqinile futhi kuzofundwa ocwaningweni oluzayo.
Imiphumela ethulwa lapha ihlaziywa ngokuyinhloko mayelana nokuguquguquka kumthamo omkhulu womoya ofika ku-4000 Pa (= ˆ4kN/m2). Kulokhu, izithombe ezirekhodwe indlela ye-DIC ziqhathaniswa nemiphumela yokulingisa izinombolo (FEM) (Fig. 8, ngezansi kwesokudla). Nakuba isamba esifanelekile esingu-0 mm esinezisekelo zomugqa “ezikahle” endaweni esemaphethelweni (okungukuthi, ipherimitha yephaneli) sibalwa ku-FEM, ukugudluzwa okuphathekayo kwesifunda sonqenqema kufanele kucatshangelwe lapho kuhlolwa i-DIC. Lokhu kungenxa yokubekezelelana kokufakwa kanye nokuguqulwa kohlaka lokuhlola kanye nezimpawu zalo. Ukuze uqhathanise, ukufuduka okumaphakathi endaweni esemaphethelweni (umugqa omhlophe odayishiwe ku-Fig. 8) kukhishwe ekususweni okuphezulu phakathi nendawo yephaneli. Ukugudluzwa okunqunywe yi-DIC ne-FEA kuqhathaniswa kuThebula 1 futhi kuboniswa ngomdwebo ekhoneni eliphezulu kwesokunxele le-Fig. 8.
Amaleveli amane omthwalo osetshenzisiwe wemodeli yokuhlola asetshenziswe njengamaphoyinti okulawula ukuze ahlolwe futhi ahlolwe ku-FEM. Ukukhishwa okukhulu okumaphakathi kwepuleti eliyinhlanganisela esimweni esingalayishiwe kunqunywe izilinganiso ze-DIC ezingeni lomthwalo we-4000 Pa ku-2.18 mm. Nakuba ukususwa kwe-FEA emithwalweni ephansi (kufika ku-2000 Pa) kusengakwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha amanani okuhlola ngokunembile, ukukhuphuka okungewona umugqa kobunzima emithwalweni ephezulu akukwazi ukubalwa ngokunembile.
Nokho, ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi amaphaneli ayinhlanganisela angakwazi ukumelana nemithwalo yomoya eyeqisayo. Ukuqina okuphezulu kwamaphaneli angasindi kugqama ikakhulukazi. Ukusebenzisa izibalo zokuhlaziya ngokusekelwe kumbono womugqa wamapuleti we-Kirchhoff [20], ukuguqulwa kwe-2.18 mm ku-4000 Pa kuhambisana nokuguqulwa kwepuleti elilodwa lengilazi elingu-12 mm ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo zomngcele. Ngenxa yalokho, ukushuba kwengilazi (okunamandla amakhulu ekukhiqizeni) kuleli phaneli eyinhlanganisela bungancishiswa bube yingilazi engu-2 x 3mm, okuholela ekulondolozweni kwezinto ezingu-50%. Ukunciphisa isisindo sonke sephaneli kunikeza izinzuzo ezengeziwe mayelana nokuhlanganisa. Nakuba iphaneli eyinhlanganisela engu-30 kg ingaphathwa kalula abantu ababili, iphaneli yengilazi yendabuko engu-50 kg idinga ukwesekwa kobuchwepheshe ukuze ihambe ngokuphepha. Ukuze umele ngokunembile ukuziphatha komshini, amamodeli ezinombolo anemininingwane eminingi azodingeka ezifundweni ezizayo. Ukuhlaziywa kwesici esiphelile kungathuthukiswa ngokwengeziwe ngamamodeli wezinto ezingaqondile ezibanzi zama-polymer kanye nemodeli yebhondi yokunamathela.
Ukuthuthukiswa nokuthuthukiswa kwezinqubo zedijithali kudlala indima ebalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono ukusebenza komnotho kanye nemvelo embonini yezokwakha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwengilazi encane kuma-facade kuthembisa ukonga amandla kanye nezinsiza futhi kuvula amathuba amasha ezakhiwo. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yobukhulu obuncane bengilazi, izixazululo ezintsha zokuklama ziyadingeka ukuze kuqiniswe ngokwanele ingilazi. Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo olwethulwe kulesi sihloko luhlola umqondo wamaphaneli ayinhlanganisela enziwe ngengilazi encane kanye nezakhiwo eziqinile ze-3D eziphrintiwe ze-polymer core. Yonke inqubo yokukhiqiza kusukela ekuklanyweni kuya ekukhiqizweni yenziwe idijithali futhi yazenzakalela. Ngosizo lwe-Grasshopper, ukugeleza komsebenzi kuya embonini kwathuthukiswa ukuze kusetshenziswe amaphaneli enhlanganisela yengilazi emincane kuma-facade azayo.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-prototype yokuqala kubonise ukuthi kungenzeka kanye nezinselelo zokukhiqiza amarobhothi. Nakuba ukukhiqiza okunezelwayo nokukhiphayo sekuvele kuhlanganiswe kahle, ukusetshenziswa kwe-adhesive okuzenzakalelayo nokuhlanganisa ikakhulukazi kunezinselele ezengeziwe okufanele zixazululwe ocwaningweni oluzayo. Ngokuhlolwa komshini kokuqala kanye nokumodeliswa kocwaningo lwesici esilinganiselwe, kuboniswe ukuthi amaphaneli e-fiberglass angasindi futhi azacile ahlinzeka ngokuqina okwanele kokugoba kwezinhlelo zawo ezihlosiwe ze-facade, ngisho nangaphansi kwezimo ezinzima kakhulu zomthwalo womoya. Ucwaningo oluqhubekayo lwababhali luzophinde luhlole amandla amaphaneli ayinhlanganisela yengilazi ezacile enziwe ngedijithali yezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-facade futhi abonise ukusebenza kwawo ngempumelelo.
Ababhali bathanda ukubonga bonke abasekeli abahlangene nalo msebenzi wocwaningo. Sibonga uhlelo loxhaso lwe-EFRE SAB oluxhaswe yizimali ze-European Union ngendlela yesibonelelo No. ukuze kuhlinzekwe izinsiza zezezimali zokuthengwa kwe-manipulator nge-extruder kanye nomshini wokugaya. 100537005. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-AiF-ZIM yaqashelwa ukuxhasa iphrojekthi yocwaningo ye-Glasfur3D (inombolo yesibonelelo ZF4123725WZ9) ngokubambisana ne-Glaswerkstätten Glas Ahne, enikeze ukusekela okukhulu kulo msebenzi wocwaningo. Okokugcina, i-Friedrich Siemens Laboratory nabahlanganyeli bayo, ikakhulukazi uFelix Hegewald kanye nomsizi wabafundi u-Jonathan Holzerr, bayakuvuma ukwesekwa kobuchwepheshe kanye nokuqaliswa kokuqanjwa nokuhlolwa komzimba okwakha isisekelo saleli phepha.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-04-2023